Current Country Status and Key Initiatives to Support SDG 7 Targets

7.1.1 - Proportion of population with access to electricity.

7.1.2 - Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology.

Data Set 7.1.1

Data Set 7.1.2

Initiative 1. Reliable Energy Supply

Relevance: Ensuring universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services is a cornerstone of Sustainable Development Goal 7.1. Energy plays a critical role in economic growth, social well-being, and technological advancement. Without dependable energy access, communities face barriers in healthcare, education, and economic productivity. Reliable energy supply fosters innovation, enhances living standards, and supports sustainable development. Achieving this goal requires targeted policies that expand energy infrastructure, promote renewable energy solutions, and mitigate risks associated with energy insecurity.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: Several initiatives worldwide have successfully improved access to reliable energy. Kenya’s Last Mile Connectivity Project has expanded electricity access to rural communities, significantly increasing national electrification rates. India’s Saubhagya Scheme has provided free electricity connections to millions of households, ensuring that even the most remote areas benefit from modern energy services. Meanwhile, Brazil’s Luz para Todos program has connected millions of low-income families to the national grid, improving their quality of life and economic opportunities.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Sub-Saharan Africa remains one of the most energy-deficient areas, with countries such as Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo facing widespread electricity shortages. Conflict zones, such as parts of Syria and Yemen, experience severe disruptions in energy infrastructure, leaving millions without stable electricity access. Rural communities in South America and Southeast Asia also contend with energy poverty due to inadequate grid expansion and unreliable service.

Future challenges: Infrastructure gaps remain a major obstacle, particularly in remote regions where energy transmission is expensive and logistically challenging. Economic affordability is another concern, as high electricity costs often exclude vulnerable populations from benefiting from modern energy services. Climate change and environmental concerns introduce complexities, with shifting weather patterns affecting hydroelectric and solar energy production. Additionally, geopolitical instability in certain regions can disrupt energy supply chains, limiting access for entire populations.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should prioritise decentralised renewable energy solutions such as solar micro-grids and off-grid electrification programs. International support should focus on financing accessible energy infrastructure.
Middle-income countries: Expanding national grids and improving energy efficiency through smart grid technology can optimise distribution. Policies should encourage investment in diversified energy sources to increase reliability.
High-income countries: Transitioning to clean energy and reducing dependency on fossil fuels are key priorities. Governments should strengthen incentives for sustainable energy adoption and implement stricter environmental regulations.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: Emergency energy relief programs must be reinforced to ensure immediate access during crises. Long-term strategies should focus on rebuilding energy infrastructure, securing sustainable supply chains, and stabilising governance structures.

Initiative 2. Infrastructure Expansion

Relevance: Expanding electricity grids and enhancing off-grid solutions in underserved areas is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.1. Reliable energy infrastructure is a foundation for economic development, healthcare improvements, and overall quality of life. However, millions worldwide still lack access to stable electricity due to inadequate grid expansion and unreliable energy systems. Strengthening electricity infrastructure ensures that communities can thrive, businesses can grow, and essential services such as hospitals and schools can operate efficiently. Achieving this goal requires a combination of large-scale grid investments and localised off-grid solutions tailored to remote and disadvantaged areas.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: China’s Rural Electrification Program has connected millions in remote areas to the national grid, transforming rural economies and living conditions. In Africa, the Nigeria Electrification Project has prioritised both grid extension and decentralised solar solutions to improve energy access for underserved communities. India’s Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana has modernised rural electricity infrastructure, enhancing both grid reliability and off-grid electrification. Additionally, private-sector innovations such as Kenya’s M-KOPA Solar have provided affordable, pay-as-you-go solar energy to homes without access to conventional grid systems.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Sub-Saharan Africa remains one of the most energy-deficient areas, with countries such as Malawi and Burkina Faso facing major grid connectivity issues. In South Asia, parts of Nepal and Bangladesh struggle with unreliable electricity due to outdated infrastructure and grid instability. Remote islands in the Pacific and Caribbean face unique energy access challenges, relying heavily on costly imported fuels.

Future challenges: High costs of grid expansion remain a significant obstacle, particularly in regions with difficult terrain or low population density, making conventional electricity delivery financially unfeasible. Technical barriers, such as ageing infrastructure and inefficient energy transmission, reduce reliability and increase maintenance costs. Environmental concerns, including the sustainability of energy generation and its impact on ecosystems, must be considered to ensure long-term viability. Additionally, political and regulatory hurdles can slow down infrastructure projects due to bureaucratic inefficiencies and competing economic priorities.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should prioritise investment in decentralised energy solutions such as micro-grids and solar home systems to provide immediate access while working on grid expansion.
Middle-income countries: Strengthening and modernising existing electricity grids is crucial. Upgrading transmission lines, integrating renewable sources, and adopting smart grid technologies can enhance reliability and efficiency.
High-income countries: Investments should focus on sustainable energy infrastructure that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. Policies should encourage the expansion of clean energy sources and the development of resilient energy grids.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: Emergency energy solutions such as mobile solar units and backup power systems should be prioritised. Long-term plans should include rebuilding energy infrastructure and securing reliable electricity access for displaced populations.

Initiative 3. Energy Affordability

Relevance: Ensuring access to affordable energy is a fundamental component of Sustainable Development Goal 7.1. Energy affordability is essential for social equity, economic participation, and sustainable development, allowing individuals and businesses to thrive without financial strain. Without cost-effective energy solutions, low-income households face barriers to education, healthcare, and basic quality of life. Addressing affordability requires comprehensive strategies, including government subsidies, policy interventions, and market reforms, to reduce costs while ensuring energy security.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: South Africa’s Free Basic Electricity (FBE) program provides a set amount of electricity per month at no cost to low-income households, helping alleviate financial burdens. India’s Ujjwala Yojana Scheme subsidises clean cooking fuel, reducing reliance on expensive and polluting alternatives. In the United States, the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) offers financial aid to families struggling with energy bills, ensuring access to heating and electricity. Additionally, in Germany, progressive tariff structures allow lower-income households to pay reduced rates for essential energy use.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Energy affordability remains a pressing issue in many regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in countries such as Zambia and Madagascar, struggles with high electricity costs due to inefficient infrastructure and reliance on imported energy sources. In parts of Latin America, including Guatemala and Honduras, energy subsidies are insufficient to meet the needs of vulnerable populations. Some Southeast Asian nations, like the Philippines, experience sharp fluctuations in energy prices that disproportionately affect lower-income communities.

Future challenges: Fluctuating global energy prices can strain national subsidy programs and increase electricity costs for vulnerable populations. Insufficient government funding often limits the reach of affordability initiatives, making it difficult to maintain long-term assistance programs. Energy market monopolisation can lead to price manipulation, reducing access for disadvantaged communities. Environmental regulations and clean energy transitions, while necessary for sustainability, may initially increase costs, requiring governments to balance affordability with climate goals.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should enhance direct subsidies and introduce energy voucher systems that allow households to purchase electricity at reduced rates. Investments in local renewable energy sources can also lower costs over time.
Middle-income countries: Regulatory reforms should focus on reducing energy price volatility and promoting market competition to prevent excessive cost burdens on lower-income households. Public-private partnerships can drive affordability improvements.
High-income countries: Targeted financial aid and progressive pricing structures should ensure energy remains accessible without unnecessary financial strain. Tax incentives for renewable adoption can ease costs for households transitioning to clean energy.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: Emergency energy assistance programs should provide immediate relief, while long-term solutions must focus on stabilising supply chains and securing funding for affordable energy access post-crisis.

Recommendations

Decentralised Renewable Energy Solutions for Sustainable Electrification: Governments should invest in solar micro-grids and off-grid electrification programs to extend reliable energy access to remote communities. By leveraging locally sourced renewable energy, these initiatives can reduce dependence on centralised infrastructure while fostering sustainability. Expanding decentralised energy solutions ensures greater resilience against power shortages and enhances energy security.
International Support for Accessible Energy Infrastructure: Global financial institutions and development agencies should prioritise funding accessible energy infrastructure to bridge gaps in electricity provision. This includes grants, concessional loans, and investment in research for cost-effective renewable technologies. Strengthening international collaboration can accelerate deployment and ensure energy equity across different socio-economic regions.
Investment in Micro-grids and Solar Home Systems for Rapid Access: Governments should allocate resources toward decentralised energy solutions such as micro-grids and solar home systems, particularly for underserved populations. These systems provide immediate electrification while long-term efforts to expand traditional grid connectivity progress. Incentivising private sector participation can further enhance infrastructure development and technological innovation.
Subsidised Energy & Voucher Systems for Affordable Access: Direct subsidies and energy vouchers should be introduced to enable low-income households to purchase electricity at reduced rates. Implementing dynamic pricing models and prepayment schemes can ensure affordability while promoting efficient energy consumption. Targeted financial assistance will help bridge the gap in energy accessibility and alleviate economic burdens on vulnerable communities.
Local Renewable Energy Investments for Cost Reduction: Encouraging investment in local renewable energy sources can significantly lower costs over time. Supporting regional solar, wind, and hydro projects through tax incentives and public-private partnerships will create sustainable energy economies. Strengthening regulatory frameworks to facilitate small-scale energy production can contribute to long-term affordability and efficiency.

Optimising Energy Distribution through Smart Grid Technology: Governments should invest in the development of smart grid infrastructure that enhances real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and automated load balancing. Upgrading distribution networks with digital sensors and AI-driven analytics can improve efficiency, reduce energy losses, and ensure equitable access to electricity.
Diversifying Energy Sources for Reliability: Policymakers must incentivise investment in a mix of renewable and conventional energy sources to strengthen grid resilience. Expanding subsidies for solar and wind projects, streamlining regulations for geothermal and hydropower adoption, and supporting research into emerging technologies like hydrogen energy will create a more stable supply and reduce dependency on single-source generation.
Modernising Electricity Grids for Enhanced Efficiency: Governments and utilities should prioritise upgrading transmission infrastructure by replacing outdated power lines, integrating energy storage systems, and improving interconnections between regional grids. Leveraging smart metering technology and automation will help reduce operational inefficiencies while improving overall grid reliability.
Reducing Energy Price Volatility and Ensuring Affordability: Regulatory bodies must implement price stabilisation mechanisms, such as capped rate adjustments and dynamic pricing models tailored to protect low-income households. Encouraging competition among energy providers can drive down costs while ensuring that vulnerable populations receive targeted subsidies and financial assistance for electricity access.
Promoting Public-Private Partnerships for Affordable Energy Access: Strengthening collaboration between governments, utility companies, and private sector investors can accelerate the expansion of energy infrastructure. Creating investment-friendly policies, offering tax incentives for grid modernisation projects, and encouraging industry-led innovation will ensure that affordability and accessibility remain at the forefront of energy development efforts.

Strengthening Incentives for Clean Energy Adoption: Governments should design comprehensive incentive packages that support both producers and consumers of clean energy. These might include direct subsidies for solar and wind installations, accelerated depreciation for clean technology investments, and performance-based grants that reward energy producers for reducing emissions. Public awareness campaigns can also promote adoption and increase demand for sustainable energy solutions.
Implementing Stricter Environmental Regulations: To drive a shift away from fossil fuels, regulatory bodies must enforce tighter emissions standards, limit permits for carbon-intensive industries, and mandate energy efficiency benchmarks for buildings and vehicles. Clear timelines for phasing out coal-fired plants and other high-emission infrastructure should be established, alongside penalties for non-compliance and rewards for early adopters.
Investing in Sustainable Energy Infrastructure: Public funds and development financing should prioritise upgrading grid infrastructure to accommodate variable renewable energy sources, including smart grid technologies and energy storage systems. Investments should also focus on decentralised energy solutions such as microgrids and off-grid solar to reach remote and underserved communities.
Expanding Clean Energy Sources and Resilient Grids: Policymakers should actively support diversification of the energy mix, including solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and emerging technologies like green hydrogen. Strategic planning should incorporate climate-resilient infrastructure that can withstand extreme weather events and ensure uninterrupted access to electricity during crises.
Ensuring Energy Affordability Through Targeted Financial Support: To avoid burdening vulnerable households during the energy transition, targeted subsidies should be implemented for low-income users. Progressive pricing models, such as tiered tariffs, can shield basic energy needs from high costs while charging premium rates for luxury consumption. Access to concessional loans or grants for energy-efficient appliances should also be expanded.
Easing Clean Energy Adoption Through Tax Incentives: Tax policy should be leveraged to make the shift to renewable energy financially attractive. This includes income tax credits for households installing solar panels, exemptions on VAT or import duties for clean technologies, and business tax deductions for energy efficiency upgrades. These measures will reduce upfront costs and accelerate market penetration.

Strengthening Emergency Energy Relief Programs: Governments, humanitarian agencies, and utilities should reinforce rapid-response mechanisms by pre-positioning mobile energy units, such as solar-powered generators, portable battery banks, and fuel-efficient microgrids, in disaster-prone or conflict-affected regions. Relief protocols should include trained personnel, streamlined customs clearance for imported equipment, and real-time coordination platforms linking national disaster response teams with international support networks. Targeted deployment should prioritise hospitals, shelters, water purification systems, and communications infrastructure to preserve critical services during crises.
Deploying Mobile and Backup Power Solutions During Emergencies: Investment in scalable, easy-to-deploy energy technologies—such as plug-and-play solar kits, containerised backup systems, and hybrid diesel-renewable microgrids—should be prioritised for short-term energy continuity. These assets should be included in national emergency preparedness plans and supported by local technical training to ensure rapid installation and maintenance. Partnerships with humanitarian logistics networks can ensure delivery to hard-to-reach populations within days of a crisis.
Rebuilding Resilient and Inclusive Energy Infrastructure: Post-crisis recovery efforts must go beyond simple restoration by reconstructing energy systems to be more resilient, inclusive, and environmentally sustainable. This includes reinforcing transmission and distribution infrastructure, investing in decentralised renewable solutions like mini-grids, and prioritising clean cooking technologies in displaced or returning communities. Energy recovery should be fully integrated into long-term reconstruction plans, coordinated with national development goals and community-driven priorities.
Stabilising Energy Supply Chains and Governance Frameworks: Governments and their partners should work to secure diversified, climate-resilient supply chains for fuel, spare parts, and energy technologies. Regional cooperation frameworks can support energy security through shared procurement, storage capacity, and emergency response systems. At the same time, institutional reforms may be necessary to restore transparency, rebuild regulatory oversight, and ensure that energy governance is inclusive and responsive in post-crisis settings.
Ensuring Reliable Electricity Access for Displaced Populations: Displaced and refugee communities must be integrated into national energy access strategies. Long-term planning should establish pathways for them to gain safe, affordable electricity, whether through expansion of existing grids or deployment of decentralised renewable energy systems in camps and host communities. Partnerships with refugee agencies and development actors can help tailor technologies to the unique mobility and shelter conditions of displaced populations.
Securing Long-Term Financing for Post-Crisis Energy Access: Dedicated recovery financing mechanisms such as post-disaster climate bonds, resilience funds, or concessional credit lines should be established to support both short-term stabilisation and long-term rebuilding. International donors, development banks, and philanthropic organisations must align efforts to streamline disbursement and reduce red tape. Local financing tools, like revolving funds or community-owned energy cooperatives, can complement external support and ensure lasting access.

Target 7.2: Increase Global Share of Renewable Energy

By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix

Indicators & Data Set

7.2.1 - Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption.

Data Set 7.2.1

Initiative 1. Renewable Energy Growth

Relevance: The expansion of solar, wind, hydro, and other sustainable energy sources is a crucial objective of Sustainable Development Goal 7.2. The transition to renewable energy mitigates climate change, reduces dependence on fossil fuels, and promotes long-term environmental sustainability. Renewable energy sources offer cleaner, more efficient alternatives that strengthen energy security while fostering economic growth. Achieving this goal requires investment in renewable infrastructure, supportive government policies, and technological innovation that makes sustainable energy more accessible and cost-effective.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: Germany’s Energiewende policy has driven large-scale investment in wind and solar power, significantly reducing carbon emissions. In India, the National Solar Mission aims to generate 100 GW of solar energy, making the country a leader in renewable expansion. China’s Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric project, demonstrates the potential of large-scale water-based energy solutions. Additionally, Denmark’s wind energy transition has made it one of the global leaders in wind power, supplying a significant portion of national energy needs through sustainable sources.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Sub-Saharan Africa, including countries like Niger and Burkina Faso, faces logistical and financial hurdles in implementing large-scale solar and wind projects. Southeast Asian nations such as Indonesia and Vietnam have untapped hydroelectric potential but lack sufficient infrastructure and policy frameworks to harness their resources effectively. In Latin America, countries such as Bolivia and Paraguay could benefit from greater investment in wind and solar energy but require improved regulatory support.

Future challenges: High initial investment costs pose challenges, especially for developing economies seeking to implement clean energy projects. Intermittency issues with solar and wind power require innovations in energy storage and grid management to ensure consistent supply. Political and regulatory resistance in some regions slows policy adoption and infrastructure development, limiting renewable energy growth. Additionally, technological advancements such as improved battery storage and grid modernisation must be prioritised to optimise renewable energy distribution.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should introduce subsidies and financial incentives for solar and wind projects, while international organisations should support infrastructure development.
Middle-income countries: Expanding grid networks to integrate renewables efficiently is critical. Policies should focus on improving energy storage and transmission capabilities.
High-income countries: Advanced nations should accelerate research in battery storage, grid modernisation, and hydrogen energy solutions, setting global standards for clean energy transition.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: Emergency renewable energy solutions, such as portable solar units, should be prioritised, with long-term strategies aimed at rebuilding energy infrastructure sustainably.

Initiative 2. Policy Support

Relevance: Strengthening regulations and incentives for clean energy adoption is a critical component of Sustainable Development Goal 7.2. Effective policy frameworks drive investment, accelerate technological advancements, and ensure equitable access to sustainable energy solutions. Without strong regulatory support, clean energy initiatives may struggle against financial barriers, market inefficiencies, and resistance from legacy energy sectors. Governments play a vital role in shaping the transition toward renewables by implementing incentives, enforcing environmental regulations, and fostering collaboration between public and private stakeholders.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: Germany’s Renewable Energy Act (EEG) established feed-in tariffs that incentivised investment in wind and solar power, leading to a dramatic expansion of renewable energy capacity. The United States Inflation Reduction Act includes significant subsidies and tax credits aimed at accelerating clean energy projects and reducing emissions. China’s Renewable Portfolio Standards mandate that a percentage of energy consumption must come from sustainable sources, promoting large-scale adoption of renewables. Meanwhile, the European Union’s Green Deal outlines ambitious regulatory frameworks designed to achieve carbon neutrality by mid-century.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria and Angola, inconsistent regulations and limited financial incentives hinder renewable energy investments. Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia and Thailand, has untapped potential for solar and wind energy but lacks effective policy mechanisms to encourage widespread adoption. Latin American nations such as Argentina and Peru could benefit from targeted subsidy programs that reduce the financial risk of clean energy projects.

Future challenges: Political resistance and lobbying from traditional energy industries often slow regulatory reforms, delaying necessary transitions. Financial constraints in developing countries make it difficult to fund incentives and infrastructure for renewable energy expansion. Market instability and regulatory uncertainty can discourage private investment, reducing the momentum of sustainable energy initiatives. Global coordination challenges, particularly in achieving unified climate commitments, create discrepancies in clean energy adoption rates across different regions.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should implement subsidy programs for renewables while securing international financial support for infrastructure development.
Middle-income countries: Strengthening regulatory frameworks through tax incentives, feed-in tariffs, and market competition policies can encourage clean energy adoption.
High-income countries: Advanced economies should lead the way in carbon pricing, emissions caps, and large-scale investments in renewable research and development.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: International organisations should coordinate temporary policy interventions to ensure access to affordable and sustainable energy in crisis areas.

Initiative 3. Public & Private Investment

Relevance: Encouraging funding for renewable energy projects is essential to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.2. The transition to sustainable energy requires substantial financial investment to expand infrastructure, enhance technology, and ensure widespread accessibility. Public and private sector involvement accelerates the shift away from fossil fuels by supporting innovation, reducing costs, and scaling renewable energy solutions globally. Without adequate funding, renewable energy adoption faces barriers such as high initial costs, technological constraints, and market instability. Strengthening investment in clean energy paves the way for long-term economic, environmental, and social benefits.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: The European Investment Bank (EIB) has committed billions of euros toward financing clean energy development, supporting solar, wind, and hydroelectric projects across various regions. The United States Department of Energy Loan Programs Office has funded groundbreaking initiatives such as large-scale battery storage and solar farms, driving innovation in sustainable energy infrastructure. China’s Green Bonds Market has facilitated private sector investment in renewable technologies, making clean energy more financially viable. Additionally, Kenya’s Renewable Energy Fund has attracted investors to support off-grid solar solutions, improving energy access for rural communities.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Investment in renewable energy remains inadequate in certain regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in countries like Ethiopia and Mozambique, has significant renewable energy potential but lacks sufficient financial backing. South Asia, including Pakistan and Bangladesh, requires greater investment in solar and wind projects to meet rising energy demands. Latin American nations such as Bolivia and Ecuador could benefit from enhanced funding to expand hydro and wind infrastructure but face challenges related to policy uncertainty.

Future challenges: High upfront costs for clean energy infrastructure often deter private investors, especially in emerging economies. Regulatory uncertainty and inconsistent government policies can discourage long-term financial commitments. Market risks and technological limitations make financing large-scale renewable energy projects complex, requiring innovative funding mechanisms. Geopolitical instability in certain regions affects energy financing, limiting opportunities for sustainable investment. Addressing these challenges requires financial instruments that minimise risk, promote long-term sustainability, and attract diverse funding sources.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should establish renewable energy investment funds, supported by international financial institutions, to incentivise clean energy development.
Middle-income countries: Public-private partnerships should be strengthened to encourage large-scale investments, with regulatory frameworks ensuring stable returns on investment.
High-income countries: Expanding subsidies, tax incentives, and green finance initiatives can accelerate private sector participation in renewable energy projects.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: International aid and emergency funding must prioritise renewable energy solutions that support resilience and recovery in post-conflict areas.

Recommendations

Subsidies and Financial Incentives for Solar and Wind Projects: Governments should introduce robust subsidy programs and financial incentives to accelerate the adoption of solar and wind energy. These initiatives can include tax credits, reduced tariffs on renewable energy equipment, and direct grants for clean energy developers. By reducing financial barriers, governments can encourage businesses and households to invest in sustainable energy solutions.
International Support for Renewable Infrastructure Development: Global financial institutions and international organisations should prioritise infrastructure investments to expand renewable energy capacity. Support mechanisms can include concessional financing for large-scale projects, technical assistance for grid modernisation, and knowledge-sharing platforms to facilitate global clean energy innovation. Strengthening international collaboration can lead to more efficient and widespread implementation of renewable energy systems.
Government-Led Renewable Energy Subsidy Programs: To ensure long-term sustainability, governments should establish structured subsidy programs specifically targeted at renewables. These initiatives can take the form of feed-in tariffs to promote renewable electricity generation, low-interest financing for green businesses, and direct cash incentives for residential solar installations. Ensuring transparent allocation of subsidies will maximise effectiveness and encourage widespread adoption.
Renewable Energy Investment Funds Backed by Global Institutions: Governments should create dedicated renewable energy investment funds, supported by international financial institutions, to attract private sector participation and de-risk clean energy projects. These funds can finance large-scale renewable infrastructure, support technological research, and provide financial assistance to emerging solar and wind developers. Public-private partnerships within these funds will drive innovation and scalability in renewable energy markets.

Expanding Grid Networks for Efficient Renewable Integration: Governments and energy providers should prioritise upgrading grid infrastructure to accommodate fluctuating renewable energy supplies. Strengthening transmission networks and deploying smart grid technology can enhance energy distribution efficiency while minimising losses from variable generation sources like solar and wind.
Enhancing Energy Storage and Transmission Capabilities: Investment in advanced energy storage solutions, such as battery storage systems and pumped hydro facilities, is essential for stabilising electricity supply. Strengthening regional interconnectivity and optimising long-distance transmission lines will ensure seamless energy flow and prevent bottlenecks in electricity distribution.
Strengthening Regulatory Frameworks to Encourage Clean Energy Adoption: Policymakers should implement financial incentives such as tax credits for renewable investments, feed-in tariffs to guarantee fair pricing for renewable energy producers, and competitive energy market reforms to foster innovation and sustainability. These measures will encourage widespread adoption of clean technologies and support industry growth.
Promoting Public-Private Partnerships for Large-Scale Investments: Governments should create investment-friendly regulations to attract private sector participation in energy projects. Establishing clear return-on-investment mechanisms, reducing bureaucratic barriers, and fostering collaboration between utilities, investors, and technology developers will accelerate clean energy deployment and long-term grid sustainability.

Accelerating Research in Clean Energy Technologies: Governments in advanced nations should dramatically increase funding for R&D in next-generation battery storage, hydrogen fuel systems, and smart grid technologies. National innovation programs and international collaborations should be established to drive breakthroughs, standardise protocols for safety and interoperability, and fast-track commercialisation. Public research institutions should be linked with private sector incubators to shorten the path from laboratory to market.
Modernising Grids for a Renewable Future: Upgrading transmission and distribution infrastructure is essential for integrating intermittent renewable sources. This includes deploying smart meters, real-time energy monitoring systems, and automated grid controls. Governments should launch grid modernisation roadmaps with clear performance benchmarks and incentives for utilities to invest in flexible, decentralised energy systems that can handle peak loads and store surplus renewable energy.
Setting Global Standards for Clean Energy Transition: To lead effectively, advanced economies must establish consistent technical, environmental, and safety standards for clean technologies such as hydrogen storage, EV charging, and solar panel manufacturing. International forums and climate alliances can be leveraged to share best practices, promote harmonised regulations, and guide emerging economies in their energy transitions.
Implementing Carbon Pricing and Emission Caps: Advanced nations must strengthen carbon pricing mechanisms—such as emissions trading systems or carbon taxes—with transparent pricing structures and mechanisms to reinvest revenues into clean energy development and social equity programs. Binding emissions caps should be enforced across sectors, especially in heavy industries and transportation, to systematically reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with climate targets.
Scaling Up Renewable R&D Investments: Public investment in renewable R&D should be scaled up significantly, with particular attention to breakthrough innovations in solar efficiency, offshore wind, and carbon capture. Competitive grant programs, innovation hubs, and clean energy venture funds can drive discovery and spur commercialisation. Long-term policy certainty is key to attracting sustained private investment in these areas.
Driving Private Sector Engagement Through Financial Incentives: Targeted tax credits, low-interest green bonds, and risk-sharing mechanisms such as loan guarantees can create a robust financial environment for private actors in renewable energy. Policies should reduce investment barriers for SMEs and start-ups, and strengthen ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) criteria for institutional investors to channel capital into sustainable energy portfolios.

Deploying Emergency Renewable Energy Solutions in Crisis Settings: Governments, humanitarian actors, and clean energy providers should prioritise the distribution of portable renewable energy technologies such as solar lanterns, foldable panels, and rechargeable battery packs during emergencies. These technologies offer a lifeline for lighting, phone charging, and medical equipment operation when grid power is unavailable. Strategic stockpiling, streamlined procurement, and pre-arranged deployment partnerships can ensure these tools reach affected populations within hours or days of a disaster or conflict.
Embedding Long-Term Sustainability into Energy Infrastructure Recovery: Post-crisis energy reconstruction efforts must be aligned with climate goals and avoid lock-in to fossil-based solutions. Investment should go toward rebuilding infrastructure with solar microgrids, wind-diesel hybrids, and climate-resilient grid systems designed to withstand future shocks. Localised energy planning and community co-ownership models can ensure that reconstruction not only restores power but also drives inclusive and sustainable development.
Coordinating Temporary Policy Interventions Through International Institutions: Global institutions, such as the United Nations, regional development banks, and cross-border energy alliances, should coordinate temporary regulatory interventions that enable rapid deployment of clean energy in crisis zones. These may include fast-track customs clearance for renewable equipment, temporary subsidies for clean fuel alternatives, and policy waivers that facilitate emergency installations. A centralised knowledge hub can help document and share best practices for clean energy deployment in emergencies.
Prioritising Renewable Energy in Emergency Aid and Recovery Funds: Donors and emergency funding mechanisms should explicitly earmark resources for renewable energy deployment as part of rapid relief and long-term recovery packages. Clean energy should be treated as an essential service—just like food, shelter, and water—ensuring displaced populations, clinics, schools, and shelters receive clean, consistent power. Funding should support not only technology costs but also training, maintenance, and supply chain resilience for energy systems designed to last beyond the crisis phase.

Target 7.3: Improve Energy Efficiency

By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

Indicators & Data Set

7.3.1 - Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP.

Data Set 7.3.1

Initiative 1. Efficiency Standards

Relevance: Improving upon energy efficiency through well-implemented policies is a crucial component of Sustainable Development Goal 7.3. Improving efficiency reduces energy consumption, lowers costs, and minimises environmental impact, benefiting industries, households, and entire economies. Without clear efficiency standards, energy waste remains high, increasing greenhouse gas emissions and placing unnecessary strain on energy grids. Governments and organisations must adopt regulatory frameworks, technological advancements, and public awareness campaigns to promote energy conservation and optimise resource use.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: The European Union’s Energy Efficiency Directive has established clear benchmarks for reducing energy waste across industries and households. In Japan, the Top Runner Program sets rigorous efficiency standards for appliances, ensuring continuous innovation in energy-saving technology. The United States ENERGY STAR certification encourages businesses and consumers to choose efficient appliances and equipment, significantly cutting energy consumption. Meanwhile, China’s Industrial Energy Efficiency Program has mandated strict regulations for factories, leading to lower emissions and improved operational efficiency.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Parts of sub-Saharan Africa, such as Nigeria and Ghana, struggle with outdated infrastructure, leading to high energy waste in industrial and residential sectors. In Latin America, countries like Bolivia and Venezuela lack widespread efficiency regulations, resulting in excessive electricity consumption. Southeast Asian nations such as Indonesia and the Philippines face barriers in promoting energy-efficient appliances due to affordability and market accessibility issues.

Future challenges: Lack of regulatory enforcement allows industries to bypass efficiency standards, slowing progress. High upfront costs for energy-efficient technologies can discourage adoption, particularly in developing economies. Consumer awareness gaps often lead to inefficient energy use in households, reducing the impact of efficiency programs. Technological limitations in some regions restrict the availability of innovative solutions, preventing widespread efficiency improvements.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should subsidise energy-efficient appliances and implement awareness programs to encourage conservation habits.
Middle-income countries: Strengthening efficiency regulations for industries and expanding public incentives for residential energy-saving measures can optimise consumption.
High-income countries:Advanced economies should prioritise research and development in energy-efficient technologies while enforcing stricter efficiency standards across all sectors.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: International aid should focus on rebuilding infrastructure with energy-efficient designs, ensuring sustainable energy use in post-crisis recovery efforts.

Initiative 2. Technology Innovation

Relevance: Promoting advancements in energy-saving technologies is a key component of Sustainable Development Goal 7.3. Innovation in energy efficiency enhances sustainability, reduces costs, and strengthens global energy security. By developing cutting-edge solutions, industries and households can lower energy consumption while minimising environmental impact. From smart grids to next-generation appliances, technological advancements play a critical role in optimising resource use. Achieving this goal requires investment in research and development, collaboration between policymakers and industries, and widespread adoption of emerging technologies.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: The European Commission’s Horizon Europe program funds research into next-generation energy efficiency solutions, driving breakthrough innovations in renewables and smart grids. Japan’s Cool Biz campaign promotes energy-saving cooling technologies, reducing national electricity demand during peak seasons. The United States Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) supports cutting-edge projects aimed at increasing energy efficiency in industries and transport. Meanwhile, China’s investment in AI-driven energy management systems has significantly improved industrial and urban electricity efficiency.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Many regions have yet to fully implement energy-saving technologies. Sub-Saharan Africa, including countries like Senegal and Tanzania, faces barriers to adopting smart grid infrastructure and energy-efficient appliances. In Latin America, nations such as Peru and Ecuador require stronger policy incentives to encourage technological adoption in residential and industrial sectors. Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia and Cambodia, has significant potential for energy-efficient transportation solutions but lacks the necessary regulatory frameworks. Strengthening financial incentives, improving technical accessibility, and fostering public-private partnerships can accelerate the implementation of energy-saving innovations in these regions.

Future challenges: High development costs for advanced energy solutions often limit investment, especially in emerging economies. Slow regulatory adaptation in some regions delays the integration of innovative technologies into mainstream energy policies. Market resistance from legacy energy providers can obstruct progress, reducing opportunities for efficiency improvements. Technological accessibility gaps prevent low-income households and industries from adopting energy-saving solutions at scale.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should introduce subsidy programs for energy-efficient appliances and invest in local capacity-building for technological adoption.
Middle-income countries: Expanding research and development funding for energy-saving solutions and modernising industrial processes can improve efficiency.
High-income countries: Leading nations should drive innovation in smart grids, AI-powered energy management, and advanced battery technologies while setting global standards for efficiency.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: International organisations should focus on deploying energy-efficient solutions for humanitarian aid and rebuilding infrastructure with sustainability in mind.

Initiative 3. Consumer Awareness

Relevance: Educating individuals on reducing energy consumption is a vital strategy in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.3. Energy efficiency is not only driven by technological advancements and policy reforms but also by informed consumer behaviour. Raising awareness about energy conservation empowers households, businesses, and communities to make sustainable choices that lower costs, reduce environmental impact, and enhance energy security. Without widespread consumer education, inefficient energy habits persist, contributing to excessive resource depletion and climate change. Strengthening consumer awareness programs ensures that individuals understand the benefits of energy efficiency and actively participate in achieving global sustainability goals.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: Japan’s Energy Conservation Awareness Campaign promotes efficient electricity use through nationwide educational programs and financial incentives for energy-saving technologies. The European Union’s Sustainable Energy Week engages businesses and consumers through workshops and campaigns, encouraging energy-efficient practices at all levels. The United States ENERGY STAR program provides easy-to-understand labels that help consumers choose energy-efficient appliances and electronics, significantly reducing household energy consumption. Additionally, India’s Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) program has distributed millions of energy-efficient LED bulbs, coupled with consumer education initiatives that highlight their benefits.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, such as Malawi and Sierra Leone, limited access to information and awareness campaigns results in inefficient energy use. Latin American nations, including Paraguay and El Salvador, require stronger public initiatives to encourage conservation behaviours in residential and industrial sectors. In Southeast Asia, particularly Myanmar and Laos, affordability and accessibility challenges prevent consumers from transitioning to energy-efficient practices.

Future challenges: Lack of public engagement in certain regions reduces the effectiveness of awareness campaigns, limiting their reach. Misconceptions about energy efficiency lead to reluctance in adopting conservation measures, particularly where affordability concerns exist. Financial constraints prevent some consumers from investing in energy-saving appliances or adopting sustainable energy solutions. Digital accessibility gaps in lower-income areas restrict access to online educational resources, slowing consumer adoption of energy-efficient habits.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should integrate energy conservation into school curricula and launch public awareness campaigns on the cost-saving benefits of efficiency.
Middle-income countries: Strengthening incentive programs for households and businesses to adopt energy-efficient practices and technologies can accelerate behavioural change.
High-income countries: Expanding smart home technology adoption and implementing targeted consumer education initiatives can further optimise energy use.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: Emergency energy assistance should be complemented with awareness programs that teach sustainable energy use, even in crisis situations.

Recommendations

Subsidies for Energy-Efficient Appliances: Governments should introduce financial incentives to encourage the adoption of energy-efficient appliances. This can include direct subsidies for consumers purchasing certified energy-saving devices, tax breaks for manufacturers producing sustainable products, and rebate programs for households upgrading to eco-friendly technologies. These measures help reduce electricity consumption and long-term energy costs.
Local Capacity Building for Technological Adoption: Investing in local technological capacity is crucial for widespread adoption of energy-efficient solutions. Governments should support training programs for technicians in energy-efficient technologies, provide financial assistance to small businesses integrating sustainable equipment, and establish research grants for innovations in energy conservation. Strengthening local expertise ensures long-term sustainability and economic growth in the renewable sector.
Energy Conservation in Education Curricula: Integrating energy conservation into school curricula can foster a culture of sustainability from an early age. Educational programs should include interactive lessons on responsible energy use, practical projects on efficiency improvements, and incentives for students and schools implementing green practices. Teaching young learners about conservation ensures long-term behavioural shifts toward sustainability.
Public Awareness Campaigns for Cost-Saving Benefits: Governments should launch nationwide awareness campaigns to educate the public on the financial and environmental benefits of energy efficiency. These initiatives can include informative media outreach, community workshops on reducing energy waste, and digital platforms offering tips for households to optimise electricity consumption. Increased awareness leads to widespread behavioural changes that contribute to national energy efficiency goals.

Strengthening Industrial Efficiency Regulations: Governments should enhance regulatory frameworks to mandate energy-efficient standards for industries, including stricter emissions controls, mandatory energy audits, and incentives for adopting cleaner technologies. Policies should encourage the transition to low-carbon production methods, optimise energy consumption in manufacturing, and promote circular economy practices to reduce waste.
Expanding Public Incentives for Residential Energy-Saving Measures: Policymakers must increase subsidies and rebates for homeowners investing in energy-efficient appliances, insulation upgrades, and solar panel installations. Implementing dynamic pricing models and tax credits for sustainable renovations will encourage widespread adoption of energy-saving practices, reducing household energy consumption and lowering utility costs.
Boosting Research & Development for Energy-Saving Innovations: Governments should allocate substantial funding toward the development of next-generation energy-efficient technologies, including high-performance batteries, advanced HVAC systems, and smart energy management software. Collaboration between research institutions and private enterprises can accelerate breakthroughs in industrial optimisation and renewable energy storage solutions.
Modernising Industrial Processes for Energy Efficiency: Industries must embrace digitalisation and automation to streamline operations and minimise excessive energy use. Investing in AI-driven efficiency monitoring, upgrading manufacturing equipment to energy-conscious designs, and implementing waste heat recovery systems will significantly reduce industrial energy footprints while improving overall productivity.
Strengthening Incentive Programs for Energy-Efficient Adoption: Policymakers should establish grant funding for businesses transitioning to sustainable energy sources, while launching awareness campaigns to educate consumers on the long-term cost benefits of energy efficiency. Creating energy efficiency certifications for businesses and rewarding companies with preferential financing rates can further incentivise widespread adoption of energy-saving technologies.

Prioritising R&D in Energy-Efficient Technologies: Advanced economies should allocate significant public investment and provide incentives to spur innovation in high-efficiency systems across industries. R&D should focus on breakthroughs in low-energy industrial processes, next-generation insulation materials, high-performance appliances, and net-zero building technologies. Collaborations between universities, start-ups, and established tech firms can help accelerate commercialisation, especially when paired with innovation grants and competitive research programs.
Enforcing Robust Efficiency Standards Across Sectors: Governments must legislate ambitious energy performance standards for buildings, transportation, appliances, and manufacturing. This includes mandatory energy audits, minimum efficiency requirements for new constructions, fuel economy regulations for vehicles, and progressive tightening of appliance standards. Regulatory bodies should be empowered to conduct compliance checks and enforce penalties, while offering support mechanisms for industries transitioning to cleaner operations.
Leading Innovation in Smart Grids and Advanced Energy Management: Advanced nations should take the lead in developing AI-powered energy optimisation systems and smart grids capable of real-time load balancing and predictive maintenance. These systems should integrate renewable sources and storage with grid operations seamlessly. Governments can fund pilot projects in urban centres to test predictive energy management, decentralised microgrids, and interoperable platforms that enable consumers and producers to exchange energy intelligently.
Driving Global Standardisation of Energy Efficiency Technologies: To establish harmonised practices, leading economies must collaborate through international agencies and forums to define global standards for energy-efficient products and systems. These standards should cover testing procedures, performance benchmarks, and interoperability protocols for technologies like battery storage, smart appliances, and building automation systems. This not only boosts cross-border trade but ensures developing economies can leapfrog to cleaner tech with confidence in reliability and quality.
Promoting Smart Home Technology Adoption: To empower consumers, governments should incentivise the adoption of smart thermostats, intelligent lighting systems, and home energy monitoring tools. This can be achieved through rebates, tax credits, and bulk procurement programs in collaboration with technology providers. Partnerships with housing developers and municipal governments can ensure energy-smart features are standard in new housing developments.
Implementing Targeted Consumer Education Programs: Behavioural change is key to reducing household energy consumption. Governments and energy providers should launch tailored educational campaigns to teach residents how to use smart technologies effectively, interpret energy usage data, and make cost-saving, sustainable choices. These campaigns should leverage digital platforms, community workshops, and school curricula to build lasting energy awareness.

Rebuilding Infrastructure with Energy-Efficient Design Principles: International aid programs must prioritise the reconstruction of homes, schools, hospitals, and public facilities using energy-efficient building materials and passive design strategies. This includes optimising natural lighting and ventilation, incorporating insulation, and using renewable-powered lighting and water heating systems. Donor-backed projects should adhere to minimum green building standards and invest in local workforce training for sustainable construction techniques to ensure both resilience and long-term energy savings.
Deploying Sustainable Solutions for Humanitarian Infrastructure: Humanitarian actors and international organisations should integrate high-efficiency technologies into temporary and semi-permanent shelters, mobile medical units, and logistics hubs. This might include energy-efficient LED lighting, solar-powered refrigeration, water purification systems, and low-energy cookstoves. Humanitarian procurement processes should prioritise sustainability criteria, and strategic partnerships with cleantech manufacturers can help scale innovation for emergency settings.
Complementing Emergency Energy Assistance with Education on Sustainable Use: Energy assistance in crisis zones should not stop at hardware provision. Aid packages must include community-centred awareness programs that teach efficient appliance use, energy conservation behaviours, and basic maintenance of provided technologies. These initiatives can be delivered through local radio, posters, and mobile platforms in collaboration with trusted local leaders. Empowering affected populations with energy literacy supports both immediate wellbeing and long-term sustainability.

Target 7.a: Promote Access to Clean Energy Research & Technology

By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology

Indicators & Data Set

7.a.1 - International financial flows to developing countries in support of clean energy research and development and renewable energy production, including in hybrid systems.

Data Set 7.a.1

Initiative 1. International Cooperation

Relevance: Strengthening global partnerships for clean energy innovation is a fundamental aspect of Sustainable Development Goal 7.a. International collaboration accelerates the development and implementation of sustainable energy solutions, allowing nations to share resources, expertise, and technologies to combat climate change and energy insecurity. By fostering cooperation between governments, industries, and research institutions, clean energy initiatives can expand more rapidly, ensuring equitable access to sustainable power sources. Without strong global partnerships, energy transitions remain fragmented, limiting opportunities for economies and communities to benefit from modern, eco-friendly technologies.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: The International Solar Alliance (ISA), launched by India and France, unites countries in efforts to scale solar power deployment worldwide. Mission Innovation, supported by over 20 nations, funds groundbreaking research into sustainable energy technologies to accelerate global clean energy progress. The European Green Deal fosters collaboration among EU member states to drive energy transition through policy alignment and shared innovation efforts. Meanwhile, the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) promotes dialogue and joint actions between countries to strengthen sustainable energy policies and investments.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in countries like Chad and Zimbabwe, lacks sufficient cross-border collaboration in energy infrastructure development. Latin American nations such as Bolivia and Nicaragua could benefit from stronger international investment in renewable energy projects but face challenges related to policy alignment. Southeast Asian countries like Cambodia and Laos require greater participation in global clean energy initiatives to accelerate their transition away from fossil fuels.

Future challenges: Political and economic differences among nations can slow down collaborative efforts, hindering the adoption of unified strategies. Funding limitations in developing countries restrict access to international research and technology-sharing opportunities. Technological disparities create barriers for countries with lower infrastructure capabilities, limiting their ability to integrate advanced clean energy solutions. Geopolitical tensions and trade policies may delay cross-border energy projects and research collaborations.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: International organisations should provide technical assistance and funding to accelerate clean energy infrastructure development and integration.
Middle-income countries: Expanding regional partnerships for technology transfer and research collaboration can strengthen sustainable energy initiatives.
High-income countries:Leading nations should commit to increasing clean energy investment in developing regions, ensuring equitable access to innovative technologies.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: Humanitarian energy programs should integrate renewable solutions to provide sustainable energy support in crisis recovery efforts.

Initiative 2. Technology Transfer

Relevance: Supporting developing countries in adopting advanced energy solutions is a key priority of Sustainable Development Goal 7.a. Access to cutting-edge technology enables nations to transition to clean energy efficiently, reducing dependence on fossil fuels while improving energy security. Technology transfer fosters innovation, enhances economic development, and ensures equitable access to sustainable energy resources. Without global support for energy technology adoption, developing countries may struggle to modernise their energy infrastructure, delaying climate action and economic progress. Strengthening international collaboration and funding mechanisms can accelerate energy technology deployment worldwide.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Knowledge Sharing Platform helps nations access expertise and technical resources for renewable energy deployment. China’s Belt and Road Clean Energy Initiative supports infrastructure development in partner countries, enabling widespread adoption of solar, wind, and hydroelectric technologies. The United Nations Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) program assists low-income countries in integrating modern energy solutions through financial and technical aid. Additionally, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) grants provide funding for clean energy projects, ensuring that developing economies can access advanced energy technologies without financial barriers.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Despite existing programs, several regions still struggle with energy technology adoption. In sub-Saharan Africa, countries such as Burundi and Malawi face limited access to advanced renewable energy solutions due to infrastructure constraints and funding shortages. In South Asia, nations like Nepal and Bangladesh require stronger international support to scale up clean energy technology for industrial and residential use. Latin America, particularly in Haiti and Bolivia, has significant potential for solar and wind energy but lacks sufficient technical expertise and equipment to implement large-scale projects. Expanding technology transfer initiatives in these regions can promote energy security and sustainable development.

Future challenges: High costs associated with clean energy technology prevent widespread implementation, particularly in resource-limited economies. Lack of technical expertise slows innovation and integration of modern energy systems. Regulatory and policy gaps create uncertainties in clean energy investments, discouraging foreign participation. Infrastructure limitations restrict the ability of developing nations to scale renewable energy projects efficiently.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: International organisations should provide financial aid and technical training programs to support clean energy technology adoption.
Middle-income countries: Governments should enhance regulatory frameworks to attract investment and promote public-private partnerships for energy innovation.
High-income countries: Leading economies should prioritise technology-sharing agreements that facilitate the export of energy-efficient solutions to developing regions.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: Emergency energy programs should integrate sustainable technology solutions to ensure long-term recovery and resilience.

Initiative 3. Investment in Clean Energy

Relevance: Increasing funding for research and development in sustainable energy is a fundamental aspect of Sustainable Development Goal 7.a. Advancing clean energy technologies requires substantial financial investment to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and accelerate global adoption. Research and innovation drive breakthroughs in renewable energy, battery storage, grid optimisation, and carbon-neutral solutions, ensuring a more sustainable future. Without adequate funding, the transition to clean energy faces delays, limiting efforts to combat climate change and enhance energy security. Strengthening investment in clean energy R&D allows nations and industries to pioneer solutions that will shape the global energy landscape.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: Initiatives worldwide have successfully boosted investment in clean energy research. The European Union’s Horizon Europe program allocates billions in funding for sustainable energy research, supporting projects in renewables, hydrogen technology, and energy efficiency. The United States Department of Energy’s ARPA-E program invests in high-risk, high-reward energy innovations that drive technological breakthroughs. China’s National Energy Research Initiative funds large-scale research in solar, wind, and energy storage solutions, positioning the country as a leader in renewable technology development. Meanwhile, Japan’s Green Innovation Fund promotes investment in carbon-neutral energy projects, advancing clean hydrogen and offshore wind power.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Several regions lack sufficient investment in clean energy R&D. Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in nations like Ethiopia and Uganda, has vast renewable energy potential but requires stronger financial support to develop advanced technologies. South Asian countries such as Pakistan and Sri Lanka need greater investment in solar and wind energy research to meet growing electricity demands. Latin American nations like Paraguay and Bolivia require enhanced funding to modernise clean energy infrastructure and integrate innovative solutions. Expanding investment frameworks in these regions can unlock sustainable energy advancements and drive economic and environmental benefits.

Future challenges: High costs of R&D make it challenging for some countries and industries to invest in groundbreaking energy technologies. Market uncertainties and fluctuating global energy prices can discourage long-term financial commitments. Slow regulatory adaptation prevents governments from incentivising private sector investment in sustainable energy research. Technological barriers, such as limitations in energy storage and grid efficiency, require significant funding to overcome.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: International financial institutions should increase grants and funding support for renewable energy R&D, ensuring accessibility to clean energy technologies.
Middle-income countries: Governments should incentivise private sector investments through tax breaks, subsidies, and research partnerships to boost innovation.
High-income countries: Advanced economies should lead global efforts in funding clean energy breakthroughs, particularly in battery technology, hydrogen energy, and smart grids.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states:Humanitarian aid should prioritise funding for clean energy solutions that support recovery efforts and long-term sustainability in crisis-affected areas.

Recommendations

Technical Assistance and Funding for Clean Energy Infrastructure: International organisations should prioritise providing technical expertise and financial support to accelerate the development and integration of clean energy infrastructure. This includes assisting governments with grid modernisation, supporting feasibility studies for renewable energy projects, and offering guidance on regulatory frameworks for sustainable energy transitions. Strengthening global cooperation in infrastructure development ensures broader access to clean energy solutions.
Financial Aid and Technical Training for Clean Energy Adoption: To facilitate widespread adoption of clean energy technologies, international organisations should establish financial aid programs and specialised training initiatives. Grants and concessional loans can help developing regions implement renewable energy projects, while workforce development programs can equip local engineers, technicians, and policymakers with the skills needed to operate and maintain sustainable energy systems. Building technical capacity is essential for long-term success in clean energy deployment.
Increased Grants and R&D Funding for Renewable Energy: International financial institutions should significantly expand funding for research and development (R&D) in renewable energy. Increasing grant allocations will accelerate innovation in solar, wind, and other sustainable technologies, ensuring greater accessibility for governments and businesses looking to transition to clean energy. Encouraging cross-border collaboration in energy research can lead to groundbreaking advancements and cost-effective solutions for large-scale implementation.

Expanding Regional Partnerships for Technology Transfer and Research Collaboration: Governments should foster international and cross-regional alliances that facilitate knowledge sharing and technical exchange in sustainable energy solutions. Establishing joint research initiatives, supporting university-industry collaborations, and creating innovation hubs can accelerate advancements in clean energy technologies and ensure equitable access to cutting-edge developments.
Enhancing Regulatory Frameworks to Attract Investment in Energy Innovation: Policymakers must streamline regulatory approval processes for clean energy projects, establish clear guidelines for renewable energy adoption, and strengthen investor protections to reduce risks. Developing standardised permitting procedures and offering long-term regulatory stability will provide a favourable environment for energy innovation and large-scale infrastructure investments.
Promoting Public-Private Partnerships for Accelerated Energy Innovation: Governments should incentivise industry participation in clean energy research and infrastructure development through co-investment programs, competitive funding opportunities, and joint venture initiatives. Collaborating with technology firms, financial institutions, and energy providers can unlock new solutions for scaling renewable energy projects and improving efficiency across the energy sector.
Incentivising Private Sector Investments through Tax Breaks and Subsidies: Creating targeted financial incentives—such as investment tax credits, reduced tariffs on renewable energy equipment, and direct subsidies for emerging green technologies—will encourage private enterprises to allocate resources toward sustainable energy solutions. Establishing research grant programs and venture capital support for clean tech startups can further boost innovation in the sector.

Boosting Clean Energy Investment in Developing Regions: Leading nations should significantly scale up climate finance commitments by directing bilateral aid, concessional loans, and multilateral funding into clean energy infrastructure projects across the Global South. This includes investing in solar and wind farms, off-grid renewable systems, and sustainable energy access programs for rural and underserved areas. To ensure equitable outcomes, financing models should prioritise local ownership, gender inclusivity, and capacity-building within recipient communities, creating long-term resilience and independence.
Facilitating Technology-Sharing Agreements for Energy Efficiency: Advanced economies should spearhead collaborative frameworks that simplify technology transfer while protecting intellectual property through mutually beneficial licensing, open-source innovation, and public-private technology sharing pacts. These agreements can focus on exporting energy-efficient appliances, building systems, industrial equipment, and clean cooking solutions. Supporting local manufacturing, training programs, and technical standards harmonisation will help recipient countries adopt and adapt technologies effectively and sustainably.
Funding Breakthroughs in Clean Energy Innovation Globally: To lead on the frontlines of climate innovation, wealthy nations must invest in multinational research partnerships targeting transformative technologies like next-gen batteries, green hydrogen, and intelligent grid systems. Public funds should support open-access research hubs, global testing facilities, and cross-border pilot projects. Platforms such as Mission Innovation and the Clean Energy Ministerial can serve as vehicles for coordinated funding, while climate-aligned sovereign wealth funds and development banks can crowd in private capital to de-risk early-stage innovations.

Integrating Renewable Energy into Humanitarian Crisis Response: Emergency energy programs should embed renewable technologies—such as portable solar kits, solar-powered water pumps, and mini-grid solutions—into the standard toolkit for disaster and conflict response. These systems can provide immediate, clean, and reliable energy access for critical services including healthcare, sanitation, and communications, without relying on fuel supply chains that are often disrupted in crisis settings. Coordination with humanitarian logistics networks and local partners ensures rapid and appropriate deployment.
Embedding Sustainable Technologies for Long-Term Resilience: To ensure that emergency interventions support long-term recovery, renewable systems deployed during crisis phases should be designed for continuity and integration into rebuilding efforts. For instance, solar microgrids installed in refugee camps can later serve as permanent energy hubs for resettled communities. Procurement guidelines should favour technologies with modular scalability, durable components, and community-ownership models that facilitate transition from aid to autonomy.
Prioritising Clean Energy Funding in Humanitarian Aid Portfolios: International donors and implementing agencies must explicitly prioritise funding for clean energy in crisis-affected regions. This includes allocating specific budget lines for renewable infrastructure in humanitarian response plans, encouraging pooled funding mechanisms for clean energy procurement, and tying disbursement to sustainability metrics. Clean energy should be viewed not just as a recovery enabler, but as a cornerstone for building back better—mitigating future climate and energy vulnerabilities while supporting local economies and health outcomes.

Target 7.b: Expand & Upgrade Energy Services for Developing Countries

By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support

Indicators & Data Set

7.b.1 - Installed renewable energy-generating capacity in developing and developed countries (in watts per capita).

Data Set 7.b.1

Initiative 1. Infrastructure Development

Relevance: Improving energy access in least developed countries is a crucial objective of Sustainable Development Goal 7.b. Reliable energy infrastructure is essential for economic development, education, healthcare, and overall societal progress. Without adequate infrastructure, millions of people remain in energy poverty, limiting opportunities for growth and sustainability. Strengthening energy infrastructure requires targeted investments, international cooperation, and innovative solutions tailored to the unique challenges of least developed countries. Expanding access to modern electricity networks ensures that communities can thrive and participate fully in the global economy.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: The African Development Bank’s Desert to Power Initiative aims to generate solar energy across the Sahel region, improving electricity access for millions. India’s International Solar Alliance (ISA) facilitates renewable energy projects in partner countries, enabling affordable solar solutions. The World Bank’s Energy Access Program provides technical and financial support for infrastructure development in least developed nations. Additionally, Kenya’s Last Mile Connectivity Project has expanded electricity networks to rural communities, bridging the gap between urban and remote areas.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Many areas in sub-Saharan Africa, including Chad and Burundi, face energy shortages due to weak grid connectivity and insufficient investment. South Asian nations such as Nepal and Afghanistan require stronger infrastructure expansion efforts to meet growing energy demands. Remote Pacific Island nations experience energy access challenges due to geographical isolation and dependence on imported fuel sources. Addressing these gaps requires targeted infrastructure projects that balance sustainability, affordability, and technological efficiency.

Future challenges: High costs and limited funding make large-scale projects difficult to implement. Geographical barriers in remote areas complicate grid expansion and transmission logistics. Regulatory and policy instability can deter foreign investment and slow infrastructure progress. Dependence on fossil fuel-based systems reduces sustainability and increases environmental concerns.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should prioritise decentralised renewable energy solutions such as solar micro-grids and off-grid electrification programs to expand access efficiently.
Middle-income countries: Strengthening grid infrastructure and implementing smart energy systems can optimise distribution and improve reliability.
High-income countries: Leading economies should increase financial support for infrastructure projects in least developed nations, ensuring sustainable energy access.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: Emergency infrastructure development initiatives should focus on deploying resilient energy systems to support recovery and stability efforts.

Initiative 2. Sustainable Energy Solutions

Relevance: Promoting decentralised renewable energy systems is essential for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.b. Decentralised energy solutions, such as solar micro-grids and off-grid wind turbines, provide reliable and sustainable power to communities that lack access to centralised grids. These systems enhance energy resilience, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and support economic development in remote and underserved areas. By investing in decentralised energy infrastructure, governments and stakeholders can ensure that clean power reaches the most vulnerable populations, improving quality of life while advancing environmental sustainability.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: Bangladesh’s Solar Home System program has installed millions of small solar units in rural areas, significantly improving electricity access. Kenya’s M-KOPA Solar offers pay-as-you-go solar energy solutions, making clean energy affordable for low-income households. India’s mini-grid projects, supported by government and private-sector partnerships, provide stable electricity to villages without access to the national grid. Meanwhile, Nepal’s Micro-Hydro Power initiative utilises small-scale hydropower plants to supply remote communities with sustainable electricity.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Many regions still lack decentralised renewable energy solutions. Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in nations such as Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo, has significant solar potential but requires greater investment in off-grid systems. South Asian countries like Myanmar and Afghanistan face logistical and financial challenges in scaling decentralised renewable energy projects. Latin American nations such as Haiti and Nicaragua could benefit from community-driven solar and wind energy projects but need stronger policy support. Expanding decentralised energy systems in these regions can close electricity access gaps and promote long-term sustainability.

Future challenges: High initial costs for setup and maintenance can limit adoption, particularly in resource-constrained economies. Technological gaps in energy storage and distribution reduce efficiency and reliability in some off-grid systems. Regulatory barriers often slow project development due to unclear policies and permitting processes. Lack of consumer awareness and financing options prevents many communities from accessing or investing in decentralised energy solutions.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should promote micro-finance programs and subsidies for off-grid renewable systems, enabling affordability for households and businesses.
Middle-income countries: Strengthening regulatory frameworks for decentralised energy investment and expanding local production of solar and wind technology can improve adoption rates.
High-income countries: Advanced economies should prioritise international funding and research for scalable off-grid solutions, ensuring global accessibility to decentralised renewable energy.
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states: Emergency energy programs should integrate decentralised renewables to provide stable power in crisis situations and post-conflict recovery efforts.

Initiative 3. Capacity-building Programs

Relevance: Training local communities in energy management and sustainability is a fundamental strategy in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.b. Equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to manage energy resources effectively fosters long-term sustainability, promotes economic resilience, and enhances environmental stewardship. Capacity-building programs empower communities to optimise energy use, integrate renewable solutions, and participate actively in the global transition toward sustainable energy. Without local expertise in energy management, infrastructure development and policy implementation may fall short of long-term effectiveness.

Examples of effective programs and initiatives: India’s Skill Council for Green Jobs provides vocational training in renewable energy sectors, enabling individuals to secure employment in sustainable industries. The Barefoot College Solar Program has trained rural women as solar engineers, allowing them to bring electricity to their communities. Kenya’s Community-Based Renewable Energy Training Initiative educates local populations on managing off-grid solar and wind systems, fostering self-sufficiency. Meanwhile, the European Climate Foundation’s Energy Transition Academy equips professionals and community leaders with skills to implement clean energy projects at the grassroots level.

Regions where programs hold potential but are underdeveloped: Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in nations such as Liberia and Madagascar, has untapped potential for renewable energy but needs structured training programs to support implementation. South Asian countries like Nepal and Bangladesh could benefit from expanded education initiatives that equip communities with technical expertise in solar and wind energy management. In Latin America, nations such as Bolivia and Honduras require stronger vocational programs to integrate clean energy solutions into rural economies. Scaling up training programs in these regions can enhance local capabilities and accelerate the global energy transition.

Future challenges: Limited funding and resources make it difficult to establish widespread educational initiatives. Lack of accessibility in rural and underserved areas reduces opportunities for individuals to gain technical skills in energy sustainability. Low public awareness about the benefits of capacity-building programs prevents widespread participation. Rapid technological evolution requires constant updates to training curricula, challenging educators and policymakers to keep pace.

Policy recommendations based on economic conditions and resource levels:

Low-income countries: Governments should integrate energy management training into school curriculums and provide grants for vocational programs in renewable energy sectors.
Middle-income countries: Expanding public-private partnerships can strengthen workforce development in clean energy, ensuring long-term sustainability.
High-income countries: Leading economies should establish international exchange programs and funding mechanisms to support knowledge transfer in energy management for developing regions. •
Conflict-affected regions/fragile states:Training programs should focus on resilience-building, equipping communities with skills to manage energy needs in crisis situations and recovery efforts.

Recommendations

Decentralised Renewable Energy Solutions for Efficient Access Expansion: Governments should focus on decentralised renewable energy models, such as solar micro-grids and off-grid electrification programs, to rapidly expand access in underserved regions. These initiatives enhance energy security by reducing reliance on centralised power grids while promoting community-driven energy generation. Encouraging private sector participation and local ownership will ensure sustainability and long-term operational success.
Microfinance and Subsidies for Off-Grid Renewable Systems: To make renewable energy systems more affordable, governments should introduce targeted micro-finance programs and subsidies. Low-interest loans and grants can enable households and small businesses to invest in solar home systems and mini-grid solutions. Incentivising financial institutions to support renewable energy projects through credit mechanisms will further drive adoption in economically disadvantaged communities.
Energy Management Training and Vocational Grants in Renewable Sectors: Integrating energy management into school curriculums ensures future generations develop essential knowledge on sustainable consumption and efficiency strategies. Governments should launch vocational training grants for specialised programs in solar and wind technology, enabling young professionals to enter the renewable energy workforce. Strengthening education in renewable energy fosters long-term innovation and ensures a skilled workforce capable of supporting national energy transitions.

Strengthening Grid Infrastructure and Implementing Smart Energy Systems: Governments and utility providers should prioritise upgrading transmission and distribution networks to integrate real-time monitoring, automated load management, and predictive maintenance. Investing in advanced smart grid technologies will enhance reliability, reduce inefficiencies, and optimise energy distribution while ensuring seamless integration of renewable sources.
Enhancing Regulatory Frameworks for Decentralised Energy Investment: Policymakers must streamline permitting processes for decentralised energy projects, establish clear guidelines for community-based renewable initiatives, and implement financial incentives for local producers. Facilitating accessible financing options for small-scale solar and wind developers will encourage localised energy generation and enhance adoption rates.
Expanding Local Production of Solar and Wind Technology: Governments should support domestic manufacturing of renewable energy components by offering tax incentives, funding research into efficient production techniques, and reducing import dependencies. Developing local supply chains for solar panels and wind turbines will not only boost adoption but also strengthen energy resilience and create economic opportunities.
Promoting Public-Private Partnerships for Workforce Development in Clean Energy: Collaboration between industry leaders, educational institutions, and government agencies can drive comprehensive workforce training programs in renewable energy technologies. Establishing vocational training centres, incentivising clean energy apprenticeships, and integrating sustainability-focused curricula in universities will ensure a skilled workforce capable of sustaining long-term clean energy growth.

Scaling Financial Support for Sustainable Infrastructure in Least Developed Countries: Advanced economies should significantly boost concessional finance and grants aimed at building clean energy infrastructure in the world’s least developed countries (LDCs). This includes funding for solar mini-grids, wind farms, hydroelectric microstations, and energy-efficient transport systems. Projects should be guided by principles of local engagement and environmental sustainability, with financing aligned to each country’s nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. Leveraging partnerships with multilateral development banks and climate funds (like the Green Climate Fund) can ensure more inclusive project pipelines and long-term energy access.
Investing in Scalable Off-Grid and Decentralised Renewable Solutions: To reach energy-poor areas where grid extension is unfeasible, advanced nations should prioritise international R&D and implementation support for modular, scalable off-grid solutions. This includes investments in solar home systems, pay-as-you-go models, and hybrid microgrids equipped with energy storage. Such solutions should be coupled with digital payment systems and mobile platforms to ensure affordability and user engagement. Pilot programs can be co-financed through global partnerships to test viability in varying geographic and socioeconomic contexts.
Building Knowledge Transfer through Global Energy Exchange Programs: Leading economies should establish structured international exchange programs to share expertise in energy management, grid stability, and clean technology deployment. These could take the form of fellowships for engineers, training exchanges for policymakers, or technical placement programs linking utility operators across borders. At the institutional level, energy innovation hubs in developed countries can partner with universities and vocational institutions in LDCs to co-develop curricula and research agendas that address real-world energy challenges.