Current Country Status and Key Initiatives to Support SDG 5 Targets

5.2.1 - Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age.

5.2.2 - Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence.

No data available

• Strengthening Domestic Violence and Anti-Trafficking Laws: To effectively combat domestic violence and human trafficking, legal frameworks must be reinforced with specialised training for law enforcement officers. This ensures they can properly identify victims, handle cases sensitively, and prosecute offenders with efficiency. Governments should also prioritise access to legal aid for survivors, making it easier for them to seek justice and protection. Expanding shelter programs can further offer safety and resources for recovery, while collaboration with human rights organisations can strengthen legal advocacy efforts.

• Expanding Support Networks for Survivors: Providing adequate resources for survivors is critical, especially in underserved areas. Increased funding for shelters can ensure safe housing and rehabilitation services, while mobile legal aid units can reach victims in remote locations. In addition, establishing community-based counselling programs can offer emotional and psychological support, empowering survivors to rebuild their lives. Partnerships with healthcare providers, legal professionals, and social workers can help create a holistic care system that addresses both immediate and long-term needs.

• Enhancing Community Awareness and Grassroots Education: Public engagement plays a vital role in prevention. Introducing grassroots community education programs can dismantle harmful societal norms, equipping individuals with knowledge to recognise and combat violence and exploitation. Engaging local leaders in awareness campaigns fosters community-led advocacy, making interventions more effective. Tailored media campaigns—especially in rural areas—can utilise storytelling, radio programs, and digital outreach to educate populations about warning signs, available resources, and ways to support survivors.

• Enforcing Stricter Penalties for Traffickers: Governments must implement harsher sentencing guidelines for human traffickers, including mandatory long-term imprisonment and asset confiscation to dismantle criminal networks. Law enforcement agencies should enhance cross-border cooperation to track and prosecute offenders. Specialised task forces must be funded to investigate trafficking operations, ensuring swift legal action against perpetrators.

• Establishing Fast-Track Judicial Processes for Gender-Based Violence Cases: Judiciaries must introduce dedicated courts for gender-based violence cases to expedite trials and reduce prolonged legal battles for survivors. Clear procedural guidelines should be developed to prioritise survivor protection, reduce bureaucratic delays, and ensure efficient case resolutions. Law enforcement agencies must be trained in survivor-centred investigation techniques to improve evidence collection and court proceedings.

• Expanding Victim Support Services & Psychological Assistance: Governments must invest in comprehensive support systems, including trauma-informed medical care, legal aid, and mental health counselling for survivors of gender-based violence. Crisis shelters should receive increased funding to provide safe spaces for individuals fleeing abuse. Public healthcare institutions must integrate gender-sensitive psychological assistance programs, ensuring survivors have long-term recovery support.

• Strengthening Survivor Protection Laws & Crisis Intervention Teams: Legal reforms must reinforce restraining orders and safety mechanisms for survivors, ensuring immediate access to protection without bureaucratic obstacles. Crisis intervention teams, composed of law enforcement, social workers, and medical professionals, must be deployed to respond swiftly to reported violence cases. Community organisations should receive sustained funding to operate emergency hotlines and survivor outreach programs.

• Integrating Mental Health Support into Healthcare Policies: National healthcare frameworks must prioritise gender-based violence recovery by incorporating mental health services as standard care. Governments must provide training for healthcare professionals to identify and support survivors effectively. Insurance policies should cover trauma therapy and psychiatric care, ensuring financial accessibility to mental health treatments.

• Strengthening School Curriculums for Gender-Based Violence Prevention: Educational institutions must integrate comprehensive gender-based violence prevention programs into school curriculums, teaching students about consent, respectful relationships, and intervention strategies. Workshops led by trained professionals must be organised to encourage open discussions and equip students with the necessary tools to challenge societal norms that perpetuate violence.

• Implementing National Awareness Campaigns: Governments must launch large-scale awareness campaigns utilising media, social platforms, and community initiatives to educate the public on gender-based violence prevention. Public service announcements and survivor stories should be amplified to challenge stigma and promote supportive communities. Policymakers must collaborate with influencers, educators, and activists to maximise outreach and ensure impactful messaging.

• Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships for Funding Initiatives: Governments and corporate entities must jointly invest in gender-based violence prevention programs, ensuring sustained financial backing for grassroots organisations. Philanthropic foundations and businesses should contribute to long-term intervention projects, including safe housing development, crisis response funding, and survivor reintegration initiatives. Transparent financial tracking systems must be enforced to monitor the efficiency of funds.

• Data-Driven Monitoring for Enforcement Strengthening: Develop centralised enforcement mechanisms using real-time data analytics to identify trends in labour exploitation, trafficking incidents, and regulatory non-compliance. Integrate cross-sector databases—such as labour inspections, legal complaints, and shelter admissions—to enable predictive enforcement and rapid response interventions across government bodies and civil society organisations.

• Workplace Protections Against Exploitation: Revise labour codes to include specific clauses targeting forced labour, coercion, and unsafe working conditions, especially for informal and precarious workers. Establish independent workplace auditing bodies and confidential whistleblowing mechanisms to ensure worker protection without fear of retaliation.

• Global Coordination Against Human Trafficking: Create dedicated funding streams to support international partnerships focused on intelligence-sharing, joint investigations, and coordinated prosecutions targeting transnational trafficking networks. Facilitate regional legal harmonisation and invest in technology that tracks trafficking patterns across borders in real time.

• Long-Term Rehabilitation Programs for Survivors: Expand survivor services beyond immediate rescue by funding trauma-informed recovery programs that include mental health care, legal assistance, vocational training, and safe housing. Integrate long-term rehabilitation into national social welfare frameworks to ensure continuity of care and reintegration.

• Strengthening Protections for Survivors in the Workplace: Mandate safe workplace return protocols for survivors that include anti-retaliation guarantees, trauma-responsive accommodations, and access to counselling services. Provide financial incentives for employers who adopt survivor-centred employment policies.

• Public Campaigns to Destigmatise Help-Seeking: Support nationwide multimedia campaigns featuring diverse survivor stories, helpline visibility, and myth-busting education to normalise help-seeking behaviours. Collaborate with influencers, religious institutions, and schools to ensure wide cultural reach and community trust.

• Scaling Digital Advocacy Efforts: Utilise social media, interactive websites, and mobile apps to disseminate resources, report abuse anonymously, and connect individuals to support networks. Invest in AI-powered tools that detect harmful online behaviours and provide real-time guidance to users at risk.

• Empowering Survivor-Led Awareness Initiatives: Fund grassroots organisations led by survivors to design and lead awareness, education, and advocacy programs. Prioritise survivor voices in policymaking through consultative councils, participatory research, and speaking platforms at national and international forums.

• Mandatory Gender-Based Violence Education in Workplaces: Enact legislation that requires annual workplace training on gender-based violence prevention, bystander intervention, and respectful conduct. Certification should be mandated for all management personnel, and training curricula must be periodically updated with input from survivor advocacy groups.

• Legal Protections for Displaced Populations: Create mobile legal assistance hubs within displacement camps that offer services such as identity documentation, asylum support, and human rights consultations. Enact emergency legislative frameworks that guarantee equal protection and legal recourse for displaced individuals, regardless of nationality or status, and establish independent ombudsperson roles to monitor compliance.

• International Oversight to Prevent Exploitation in Refugee Camps: Strengthen international monitoring mechanisms by deploying independent, multi-agency inspection teams to refugee settlements. Mandate transparent grievance reporting systems accessible to all camp residents and require all aid contractors to adhere to internationally recognised humanitarian codes of conduct, with penalties for violations.

• Gender-Based Violence Prevention in Humanitarian Aid Programs: Incorporate GBV risk mitigation measures across all aid operations by embedding gender focal points in field teams, conducting regular safety audits of camps, and adapting distribution methods to ensure women and girls can access aid without fear of harassment or violence. Partner with local women’s groups to co-develop safe spaces and referral pathways.

• Emergency Shelter Solutions for Displaced Populations: Deploy modular, climate-resilient shelters equipped with lockable privacy features and separate facilities for men and women. Prioritise housing for female-headed households and survivors of violence and involve displaced communities in shelter design to meet specific cultural and safety needs.

• Humanitarian Response Systems for GBV Survivors: Establish survivor-centred services including crisis hotlines, trauma-informed medical care, and psychosocial support embedded in humanitarian coordination structures. Train emergency response staff to identify GBV cases sensitively and ensure survivors are referred to legal and protection services without delay.

• Long-Term Recovery for Displaced Women and Children: Design sustained livelihood and resettlement programs that include vocational training, child-safe education centres, and microcredit access for women. Work with host governments to secure long-term residency pathways and social protection measures that address the compounded vulnerabilities of displacement and gender inequality.

• Awareness Campaigns in Humanitarian Aid Programs: Launch multilingual outreach initiatives using posters, radio, and community theatre to educate displaced populations about their rights, available services, and how to report abuse. Collaborate with trusted community leaders to reinforce positive messaging and dispel harmful myths that perpetuate exploitation.

• Gender-Sensitive Field Worker Training: Provide all humanitarian personnel with mandatory training in gender dynamics, trauma-informed care, and ethical conduct in crisis environments. Develop field manuals on safeguarding practices, scenario-based learning modules, and mentorship systems to reinforce compassionate, equitable engagement.

• Educational Messaging Through Emergency Communication Channels: Leverage SMS alerts, loudspeaker systems, and community radio to disseminate clear, culturally appropriate information on legal rights, GBV prevention, and available support services. Establish community information desks staffed by trained liaisons to answer questions and connect individuals with critical resources.

5.3.1 - Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18.

5.3.2 - Proportion of girls and women aged 15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age

• Strengthening Enforcement Mechanisms and Legal Awareness: To effectively prevent child marriage, enforcement mechanisms must be strengthened through rigorous monitoring, legal accountability, and community-driven reporting systems. Governments can implement strict penalties for violations, ensure child protection services are adequately funded, and collaborate with law enforcement to uphold anti-child marriage laws. Additionally, community-based legal awareness campaigns can educate families on legal rights, reinforcing the importance of delaying marriage until adulthood. Providing financial assistance for vulnerable families can further reduce economic pressures that often lead to early marriage.

• Engaging Local Leaders and Economic Alternatives: Local leaders play a vital role in influencing social norms, making their involvement essential in eliminating child marriage. Educational programs that engage religious and community figures can promote advocacy and reshape traditional attitudes toward marriage. Economic alternatives such as vocational training, entrepreneurship programs, and financial incentives for families can alleviate economic hardships that drive child marriage. Grassroots dialogues that encourage discussions on gender equality and rights-based education can foster long-term social change.

• Expanding Access to Education and Mentorship: Providing free and accessible schooling ensures that girls remain in school, reducing their risk of early marriage. Governments can implement scholarship programs, offer financial aid to support school retention, and improve infrastructure in underserved areas. Mentorship programs that connect young girls with role models can inspire higher education enrolment, offering career guidance and personal development resources. Encouraging families to prioritise education through incentives and awareness initiatives can shift societal expectations, promoting a future of equal opportunities.

• Expanding Legal Protections & Introducing Stricter Penalties: Governments must enact comprehensive laws criminalising female genital mutilation (FGM) and child marriage, with severe penalties for perpetrators and facilitators. Legal frameworks should ensure survivors have access to justice through specialised courts that fast-track cases related to gender-based violence. Law enforcement agencies must receive training on recognising, preventing, and responding to violations, ensuring effective implementation of protective measures.

• Increasing Funding for Survivor Rehabilitation: Funding must be expanded to provide survivors of FGM and child marriage with medical care, psychological support, and social reintegration services. Governments, NGOs, and international donors should allocate resources for shelters, counselling centres, and economic empowerment programs that help survivors regain independence. Healthcare institutions should integrate survivor support initiatives into national health policies, ensuring long-term access to rehabilitation.

• Integrating Anti-FGM & Child Marriage Education into School Curricula: Mandatory education programs should be implemented in schools to teach children about the dangers and human rights violations associated with FGM and child marriage. Awareness workshops led by trained educators and activists must challenge harmful societal norms and equip students with knowledge to advocate against these practices. Governments should develop age-appropriate learning materials that foster understanding and prevention strategies.

• Strengthening Partnerships Between Governments & Community Groups: Collaboration between governments and local organisations is essential to effectively combat FGM and child marriage. Policy-makers should work closely with grassroots movements, women’s rights groups, and healthcare providers to develop prevention strategies. Joint initiatives should be launched to train community leaders on intervention techniques and law enforcement collaboration, ensuring localised solutions that respect cultural sensitivities.

• Incentivising Traditional Leaders to Publicly Advocate Against Harmful Practices: Traditional and religious leaders must be actively involved in campaigns that challenge the social acceptance of FGM and child marriage. Governments should offer incentives, including grants and development projects, to encourage leaders to champion anti-violence efforts within their communities. Public declarations by influential figures condemning these practices can shift societal perceptions and encourage behavioural change.

• Integrating Gender-Sensitive Policies into Local Governance Structures: Local governments must ensure that policies addressing gender inequalities are embedded within governance frameworks. Laws promoting gender equity should be enforced at municipal and district levels, guaranteeing fair access to education, healthcare, and employment for women and girls. Gender sensitivity training should be mandatory for public officials to ensure decision-making processes uphold women’s rights and protections.

• Strengthening Career Training Programs for Women: Governments and private sectors should expand vocational training programs tailored for women, ensuring access to skill-building opportunities in high-demand industries. Financial aid and micro-loans must be provided to support female entrepreneurs and career transitions for survivors of gender-based violence. Local training centres should be established to equip women with practical skills that foster economic independence.

• Promoting Female Participation in STEM Fields: Initiatives must be launched to increase the presence of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Scholarships and mentorship programs should be prioritised to support female students pursuing STEM careers. Corporate sectors and universities must collaborate to create inclusive work environments that encourage women’s participation in innovation-driven industries.

• Enforcing Workplace Protections for Equal Job Opportunities: Strict labor laws must be enacted to prevent workplace discrimination and ensure equal access to employment opportunities. Employers should be required to conduct gender audits and establish reporting mechanisms for workplace harassment. Governments must implement oversight committees that monitor corporate compliance with fair employment practices, ensuring companies uphold gender-inclusive policies.

• Strengthening International Action to Prevent Cross-Border FGM: Foster regional treaties and cross-border task forces between countries affected by FGM to share intelligence, coordinate legal frameworks, and strengthen border protections. Encourage the harmonisation of anti-FGM laws and survivor protection services, ensuring safe passage and repatriation for those at risk.

• Supporting Global Advocacy Movements Against FGM: Invest in large-scale international campaigns led by survivor-led movements and human rights organisations that challenge social norms, influence global policy, and elevate the voices of affected communities. Use diplomatic channels and multilateral forums to pressure for national commitments and legal enforcement.

• Tightening Oversight of Organisations in High-Risk Regions: Enact stricter accreditation processes for organisations operating in FGM-prevalent areas, requiring cultural sensitivity training, transparent evaluation metrics, and compliance with international human rights guidelines. Governments and funders should monitor impact rigorously and suspend support to actors that perpetuate harmful practices.

• Boosting Global Funding for Localised Programs: Establish multi-donor trust funds that directly finance grassroots organisations developing community-centred anti-FGM initiatives. Ensure long-term, flexible funding structures that allow programs to adapt to local contexts, and support indigenous knowledge systems that promote health and gender equity.

• Empowering Local Change Agents Through International Training: Partner with global institutions to deliver culturally tailored training to community influencers such as religious leaders, midwives, and educators. These programs should equip participants with advocacy tools, legal literacy, and gender rights education, enabling them to catalyse change from within their communities.

• Maximising Digital Campaigns for Global Advocacy: Develop coordinated digital advocacy strategies using storytelling, interactive tools, and real-time campaign analytics. Focus on youth engagement, diaspora outreach, and combatting harmful content online, with multilingual messaging and survivor-led content at the forefront.

• Advancing Corporate Diversity Around the Globe: Encourage corporations to implement global diversity benchmarks, requiring public reporting on gender equity in hiring, pay, and promotion. Tie compliance to ESG ratings and offer incentives such as government recognition, procurement access, or tax breaks for exceeding inclusion targets.

• Expanding Leadership Development for Women Worldwide: Fund international leadership academies and exchange programs for women across sectors—particularly in STEM, politics, and entrepreneurship. Prioritise scholarships, mentorships, and networking opportunities for underrepresented groups to build transnational solidarity and future decision-makers.

• Increasing Investment in Global Education Partnerships: Scale up funding for cross-border educational initiatives that close gender gaps in access and attainment. Focus on curriculum development that includes gender rights and empowerment, digital inclusion programs, and partnerships with girls’ education coalitions in low-resource settings.

• Child Marriage and FGM Prevention in Humanitarian Response: Embed protection protocols against child marriage and female genital mutilation (FGM) into all emergency response operations. Train field workers to identify at-risk girls and intervene through culturally sensitive outreach, while partnering with local advocates to dismantle harmful practices. Ensure safe spaces offer educational programming on bodily autonomy and girls’ rights, and develop referral networks to provide health, legal, and psychosocial support to survivors.

• Legal Protections and Crisis Intervention for Displaced Women and Girls: Enact emergency statutes that codify protection from gender-based violence, trafficking, and forced marriage for displaced women and girls. Set up 24/7 crisis intervention services within refugee camps, staffed by trained personnel who provide trauma-informed care, legal aid, and emergency relocation when safety is threatened. Equip these services with multilingual hotlines and mobile outreach units to reach remote or isolated populations.

• Community-Driven Protection of Vulnerable Groups: Engage displaced community leaders—especially women and youth leaders—in developing and enforcing localised protection protocols. Conduct participatory mapping to identify high-risk zones and appoint community-based protection monitors who liaise with humanitarian organisations to ensure swift responses. Empower these leaders with resources and training to act as champions for rights-based protection within their communities.

• Gender Advocacy in Refugee Support Services and Cultural Dialogue Spaces: Integrate gender equity messaging into food distribution, healthcare, and shelter services to make advocacy an everyday part of humanitarian delivery. Create safe, inclusive cultural dialogue spaces—like storytelling circles, community forums, or intergenerational workshops—to reconstruct positive gender norms and bridge traditional values with human rights standards.

• Safe Learning Environments for Displaced Girls: Build learning centres that ensure physical safety, gender-segregated sanitation, and flexible schedules to accommodate caregiving responsibilities. Offer incentives such as stipends, meal programs, or school kits to reduce dropout rates, and recruit female teachers and role models to foster safer learning spaces.

• Gender-Sensitive Education and Digital Learning Programs: Integrate gender equity into curricula, including modules on consent, leadership, and rights. Train educators on inclusive pedagogy that challenges gender biases and supports trauma recovery. Simultaneously, deploy digital learning platforms using tablets, offline content, or radio-based education to reach girls in remote or insecure settings, helping them continue their education regardless of barriers to physical access.

5.4.1 - Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location.

• Expanding Paid Parental Leave and Labor Protections for Caregivers: Introducing paid parental leave policies ensures that working parents, regardless of gender, have the necessary time to care for their children without financial insecurity. Governments can enforce comprehensive labor protections for caregivers, including job security guarantees and non-discrimination clauses. Incentivising businesses to adopt flexible work arrangements through tax benefits can promote work-life balance, reduce caregiver burnout, and boost workforce participation among parents and family caregivers.

• Recognising and Integrating Caregiving into Economic Policy: Unpaid labor is a critical yet often overlooked component of the economy. Conducting national household surveys to measure unpaid labor allows policymakers to accurately assess caregiving contributions and shape informed decisions. Integrating caregiving into economic policies—such as tax credits for family caregivers—ensures recognition and financial support for those providing essential care services. Establishing formal support programs for informal caregivers can provide access to training, stipends, and mental health resources.

• Expanding Government-Funded Care Services: To ease the burden on families, governments can expand funding for childcare and eldercare programs, ensuring quality care services are accessible to all. Subsidies for care facilities can reduce costs for families while maintaining high standards of care. Supporting community-based care initiatives—such as neighbourhood childcare cooperatives and local elder support networks—creates sustainable, locally driven solutions that cater to diverse caregiving needs.

• Implementing Nationwide Remote Work Guidelines: Governments must establish clear national policies for remote work, ensuring equitable access to flexible employment arrangements. Legislation should define employer obligations regarding digital infrastructure, work-hour regulations, and employee well-being protections. Businesses should be incentivised through tax breaks to offer remote work options, ensuring inclusivity for caregivers, individuals with disabilities, and those in geographically isolated areas.

• Creating Childcare Support Programs for Working Parents: Public and private sectors must collaborate to develop accessible childcare programs that provide affordable daycare services for working parents. Governments should allocate subsidies to childcare centres, ensuring cost-effective options for low-income families. Employers should integrate childcare benefits, such as on-site daycare facilities or reimbursement programs, to support employees balancing work and family responsibilities.

• Establishing Corporate Incentives for Work-Life Balance Initiatives: Companies should receive financial incentives for adopting work-life balance strategies, including flexible schedules, paid parental leave, and wellness programs. Governments must establish tax deductions or grant funding for businesses that implement progressive employee support measures. National policies should mandate minimum standards for paid leave, ensuring equitable treatment across industries.

• Expanding Statistical Methodologies to Capture Unpaid Work in National Accounts: Governments should refine national economic reporting by incorporating unpaid labor, including domestic caregiving and household management, into statistical assessments. Data collection frameworks must be updated to quantify the economic contribution of unpaid workers, influencing policy reforms that recognise household labor in tax incentives and social benefits.

• Implementing Caregiver Tax Incentives: Legislation should introduce caregiver-specific tax credits to reduce financial burdens on individuals supporting dependent family members. Governments must offer deductions for expenses related to eldercare, childcare, and disability support services. These incentives should be structured to ensure access for low-income caregivers while promoting recognition of unpaid labor contributions.

• Strengthening Workplace Policies to Acknowledge Domestic Labor Responsibilities: Corporations must implement workplace policies that account for employees’ caregiving roles, including flexible work arrangements and job protection measures. Employers should be mandated to recognise caregiving leave policies, allowing workers to take extended time off without jeopardising job security. Governments should enforce accountability measures to ensure businesses comply with caregiver-supporting frameworks.

• Strengthening Workplace Policies Supporting Caregiving: Organisations must integrate policies that protect caregivers from workplace discrimination and ensure their professional advancement remains unaffected. Employers should offer modified schedules and reassignment options for individuals juggling caregiving duties. Governments must create employment regulations requiring businesses to accommodate care-related needs without penalising affected employees.

• Ensuring Universal Access to Daycare & Eldercare Services: Governments must increase investment in childcare and eldercare infrastructure to ensure universal access to affordable services. Financial aid programs should be expanded to support families requiring subsidised daycare or elderly assistance. Partnerships between public institutions and private care providers should be strengthened to offer comprehensive coverage across urban and rural regions.

• Creating Financial Incentives for Professional Caregivers: Governments should introduce wage subsidies and grants to enhance compensation for professional caregivers, ensuring competitive salaries and improving job security within care-related professions. Tax relief measures should be provided for caregiving businesses, encouraging investment in quality caregiving services. Healthcare and social service sectors must prioritise workforce training to address growing demands for skilled professionals.

• Advancing Equal Parental Leave Policies: Mandate gender-neutral parental leave legislation that guarantees equal, non-transferable paid leave for both mothers and fathers. Include employer incentives for compliance and normalise paternal leave uptake through public awareness campaigns that challenge gendered caregiving roles.

• Supporting Career Continuity for Returning Parents: Establish return-to-work programs that provide up-skilling, flexible re-onboarding, and transitional job placements for parents re-entering the workforce after extended leave. Encourage mentorship pairings and employer-sponsored coaching to bridge confidence gaps and retain talent.

• Standardising Flexible Work Scheduling Across Sectors: Develop industry-specific guidelines for flexible scheduling practices, including compressed workweeks, telecommuting, and adjustable hours. Introduce performance-based rather than time-based evaluation metrics to ensure flexibility does not penalise career progression.

• Valuing Unpaid Labour Through Economic Modelling: Incorporate household production and unpaid caregiving into national accounts through satellite measurements, time-use surveys, and impact modelling. Use these tools to inform policymaking and social investment decisions, elevating the visibility of unpaid work in GDP narratives.

• Enhancing Social Security for Caregivers: Revise social protection frameworks to include caregiver-specific credits toward pensions, health insurance, and unemployment benefits. Introduce portability of these credits across employment gaps and across jurisdictions to reflect the realities of caregiving timelines.

• Adapting Workforce Policies to Household Labour Dynamics: Mandate that employers assess and address the impact of household labour responsibilities on workforce participation—especially among women. Require the integration of caregiving support mechanisms like onsite childcare, dependent care accounts, or care leave policies as part of corporate responsibility standards.

• Investing in Long-Term Care Infrastructure: Create national long-term care strategies that address ageing populations and disability support through a mix of community-based services, institutional care upgrades, and caregiver workforce development. Prioritise affordability, accessibility, and culturally competent service provision.

• Expanding Tech Solutions for Remote Caregiving: Fund innovation in assistive technologies, including remote patient monitoring, AI-enabled health reminders, and virtual respite care platforms. Ensure user-friendly design and equitable digital access to ensure these tools benefit all caregiving communities.

• Integrating Caregiving Support in Employment Policy: Introduce comprehensive “care clauses” into labour law that mandate employer-based caregiving support, such as flexible leave arrangements, care coordinators, and resource hubs. Conduct impact assessments to monitor effectiveness and ensure policy adapts to evolving care needs.

• Remote Job Opportunities for Displaced Workers: Partner with digital employment platforms and international employers to develop remote job networks tailored to the skills of displaced workers. Provide access to internet-enabled workstations within camps or shelters, and offer digital literacy training to enhance employability. Facilitate online certification programs and remote freelance marketplaces that allow displaced individuals to earn an income regardless of location.

• Caregiving Protections in Emergency Labour Policies: Incorporate caregiving responsibilities into emergency labour codes by mandating flexible work arrangements, paid caregiving leave, and job security guarantees for workers managing dependents. Require employers, including those in humanitarian programs, to adopt guidelines that prevent discrimination against caregivers during recruitment and scheduling.

• Family-Friendly Workplace Initiatives via International Collaboration: Coordinate with global labour organisations and humanitarian agencies to promote family-supportive workplace standards across emergency employment projects. Establish employer incentive schemes for providing childcare stipends, onsite day-care, and mental health resources. Embed these standards into donor agreements and international relief contracts to drive compliance.

• Recognising Unpaid Labour in Recovery Strategies: Design post-crisis recovery plans that explicitly quantify and acknowledge unpaid care work particularly that carried out by women. Integrate time-use surveys into needs assessments and create policy frameworks that reflect household labour as a critical economic contribution. Ensure that recovery budgets allocate resources to offset and support caregiving burdens.

• Economic Support for Displaced Caregivers: Deliver targeted cash assistance and voucher programs for caregivers who cannot participate in formal employment due to eldercare or childcare duties. Establish community-based caregiving cooperatives that allow shared responsibilities and offer microgrants for informal care networks. Include caregivers in livelihood training that accommodates flexible or part-time participation.

• Household Contributions in Post-Crisis Financial Assessments: Revise economic assessment models to include domestic labour, subsistence production, and caregiving roles as factors contributing to household recovery and resilience. Train humanitarian field economists to use gender-sensitive valuation tools, and embed these metrics in funding allocation and program design.

• Emergency Childcare and Eldercare Services in Humanitarian Aid: Deploy mobile caregiving units and temporary day-care centres within camps or displacement settings, prioritising locations near food distribution points, health clinics, and schools. Offer trauma-informed caregiving services that also support children’s education and elders’ health needs. Equip these services with trained staff, culturally relevant materials, and age-appropriate facilities.

• Access to Caregiving Support for Displaced Families: Map caregiving needs during humanitarian assessments and develop referral networks linking families to services including respite care, counselling, and assistive devices for elders. Ensure that caregiving support is not an afterthought but a core component of protection and welfare programming, especially for single-parent and multi-generational households.

• Care Services in Post-Crisis Rebuilding Efforts: Institutionalise caregiving infrastructure in reconstruction plans by embedding long-term care facilities into public health systems, integrating caregiver support into housing initiatives, and funding community centres with care services. Promote policies that professionalize and support caregivers through wages, benefits, and social protections.

5.5.1 - Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments.

5.5.2 - Proportion of women in managerial positions.

• Strengthening Legal Quotas and Support for Women in Politics: Introducing legal quotas for female representation ensures that women have equitable access to political participation and leadership roles. Governments can enforce minimum representation requirements in legislative bodies, political parties, and executive positions to promote balanced decision-making. Providing financial and educational support for women in politics—including campaign funding, scholarships, and specialised political training—can equip female leaders with the resources necessary to succeed. Additionally, ensuring safe environments for female candidates through legal protections, anti-harassment policies, and secure campaigning mechanisms fosters inclusive and accessible political engagement.

• Advancing Workplace Diversity and Leadership Training: Gender-inclusive hiring policies create fair employment opportunities for women across industries. Governments and businesses can mandate equal hiring practices, strengthen anti-discrimination protections, and ensure workplace environments that support career advancement for women. Leadership training programs provide women with essential management skills, strategic decision-making experience, and confidence-building initiatives that prepare them for executive roles. Incentives such as tax benefits for businesses prioritising workplace diversity can encourage companies to actively promote gender equality in hiring and leadership selection.

• Expanding Access to Mentorship and Professional Development: Creating nationwide mentorship networks can connect aspiring female leaders with experienced professionals, fostering knowledge exchange and career guidance. Government-backed mentorship programs, corporate initiatives, and grassroots community-driven development efforts can strengthen women’s participation in leadership roles. Expanding access to leadership training ensures that women across all socioeconomic backgrounds have equal opportunities to develop essential skills. Additionally, professional development programs focused on industry-specific leadership, financial literacy, and entrepreneurship empower women to take on key roles in both public and private sectors.

• Strengthening Mentorship Programs for Aspiring Female Leaders: Governments, businesses, and educational institutions must collaborate to create structured mentorship programs that connect emerging female leaders with experienced professionals. Funding should be allocated to leadership development initiatives, ensuring aspiring women gain strategic guidance, industry knowledge, and networking opportunities. National mentorship frameworks should prioritise women from marginalised communities, addressing barriers to career progression.

• Implementing Gender-Sensitive Electoral Reforms: Governments must revise electoral policies to enhance women’s participation in politics through gender quotas, campaign finance support, and equal access to political resources. Electoral commissions should mandate transparent candidate selection processes, ensuring women receive fair representation in legislative roles. Training programs must be established to equip female candidates with the necessary skills to navigate political systems effectively.

• Increasing Funding for Women’s Political Participation Initiatives: Governments and international organisations must allocate financial support for programs that encourage women’s involvement in governance. Public and private funding must be directed toward leadership academies, advocacy groups, and initiatives promoting women’s political engagement. Subsidies and grants should be provided to female candidates, reducing financial barriers to running for office.

• Strengthening Corporate Diversity Requirements: Legislation should mandate corporate diversity benchmarks, requiring companies to ensure fair representation of women in leadership positions. Businesses must conduct regular diversity audits, identifying gaps in female leadership and implementing corrective measures. Governments should provide financial incentives to corporations demonstrating measurable progress in gender inclusion.

• Supporting Women-Led Businesses: Public and private sectors must increase funding for women-led enterprises, providing financial assistance, business development training, and market access opportunities. Governments should establish policies that prioritise women-owned companies in procurement contracts. Banks and investors must offer tailored financial products to support female entrepreneurs, ensuring equitable access to capital.

• Expanding Mentorship Programs for Female Executives: Organisations must establish structured mentorship networks that connect female executives with industry pioneers. Leadership training programs should focus on confidence-building, negotiation skills, and business strategy, enabling women to thrive in executive roles. Governments and private entities must collaborate to provide funding for mentorship initiatives that specifically target high-potential female leaders.

• Strengthening Corporate Diversity Policies: Businesses must integrate inclusive hiring and promotion strategies that ensure women have equal access to leadership roles. Organisational policies should mandate anti-discrimination protocols, ensuring workplace environments foster inclusivity and equal opportunities. Companies must be held accountable through diversity audits and publicly disclosed gender equality reports.

• Integrating Leadership Capacity-Building into Workplace Training: Corporations must incorporate gender-sensitive leadership development into professional training programs, preparing women for high-level decision-making roles. Educational institutions and companies should jointly offer executive coaching sessions, addressing challenges specific to female leadership. Governments must incentivise businesses that implement sustainable leadership training for women.

• Incentivising Companies to Support Female Mentorship Initiatives: Governments must provide tax benefits and financial rewards to companies actively promoting female mentorship and leadership development. Corporations should be encouraged to fund mentorship scholarships, leadership retreats, and industry networking events for aspiring women leaders. Businesses demonstrating consistent mentorship engagement should receive public recognition and additional support in securing government contracts.

• Ensuring Equal Representation Through Policy Enforcement: Adopt binding legislative measures that mandate proportional gender representation in legislative bodies, executive agencies, and public committees. Require political parties and public institutions to comply with gender quotas in candidate slates and appointment processes, backed by public funding eligibility or penalty mechanisms.

• Accelerating Women’s Leadership in Corporate and Government Sectors: Fund targeted leadership accelerator programs within public service commissions and corporate development pipelines to equip women with policy, governance, and strategic leadership competencies. Support cross-sector placement fellowships that expose women leaders to high-stakes decision-making environments.

• Dismantling Gender Biases in Political Institutions: Conduct gender audits within political institutions to identify structural barriers to women’s participation and progression. Implement reforms such as childcare access in parliaments, anti-harassment units, and inclusive procedural norms to reduce attrition and build supportive institutional cultures.

• Enforcing Equal Pay Standards: Strengthen wage transparency laws, requiring companies to publicly disclose gender pay gaps and set annual correction targets. Empower labor inspectorates and equality bodies to audit pay practices and impose sanctions for discriminatory compensation

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• Integrating Boardroom Gender Diversity Mandates: Establish boardroom diversity requirements through corporate governance codes and securities regulations. Tie public listing privileges or investment criteria to achieving measurable female representation on corporate boards and executive committees.

• Investing in Women-Focused Executive Leadership Development: Channel public and philanthropic funding into regional and international leadership academies specifically designed for women executives. These programs should include executive coaching, global networking platforms, and tailored training in financial acumen, digital transformation, and organisational change.

• Enhancing Overall Leadership Development Funding: Incorporate gender equity goals into national human capital development strategies, allocating dedicated leadership training funds to underrepresented groups. Encourage private sector co-investment and performance-based grant models to drive sustainable impact.

• Building Gender-Balanced Executive Pipelines: Require large organisations to report on gender distribution across management tiers and succession plans. Mandate the integration of inclusive talent identification processes, equitable promotion criteria, and retention incentives for underrepresented leadership candidates.

• Institutionalising Mentorship in Government and Business: Create structured, government-supported mentorship frameworks that pair emerging leaders with seasoned professionals across both sectors. Incentivise public and private institutions to embed sponsorship and peer-mentorship schemes into human resource strategies, with measurable outcomes linked to leadership diversity.

• Female Participation in Peace-building and Political Protection Measures: Institutionalise women’s roles in peace negotiation delegations by setting mandatory quotas for female representation and creating inclusive consultation mechanisms with women-led civil society groups. Enact protective legislation and security protocols to safeguard women political leaders from violence, intimidation, and harassment—particularly in fragile or post-conflict settings—while providing legal recourse and psychosocial support to those targeted.

• Gender Equality in Governance Recovery Programs: Embed gender equity benchmarks in constitutional reform, judicial reconstruction, and public service hiring during governance recovery. Integrate gender budgeting tools to ensure resource allocation meets the needs of women and marginalised communities and require government institutions to report on gender inclusion metrics throughout the reconstruction phase.

• Support for Women’s Entrepreneurship and Leadership in Business: Launch targeted financial support and training initiatives for women entrepreneurs, including start-up grants, access to digital marketplaces, and mentorship by industry leaders. Collaborate with business associations to revise corporate governance codes, promoting gender-diverse leadership pipelines and anti-discrimination hiring practices. Encourage the adoption of public-private pledges on gender-inclusive economic recovery.

• Gender Equity in Post-Crisis Economic Programs: Mandate that all economic stimulus packages and reconstruction loans include provisions for women-owned businesses and female-dominated sectors (e.g., caregiving, textiles, agriculture). Develop performance-linked subsidies for companies that meet gender diversity targets, and offer re-skilling programs that prepare women for high-growth industries in the recovery economy.

• Leadership Training and Mentorship for Displaced Women: Establish accelerated leadership academies within displacement and refugee settings to develop women’s advocacy, policy, and negotiation skills. Pair emerging female leaders with experienced mentors through global mentorship networks and embed leadership development modules within broader aid programming from education to economic empowerment.

• Female Representation in Post-Conflict Governance: Design post-conflict power-sharing frameworks that mandate proportional representation of women in transitional councils, municipal governments, and reconstruction authorities. Create monitoring bodies to track women's participation and publish accountability data, ensuring gender equity is not side-lined in the urgency of institutional rebuilding.

5.6.1 - Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care.

5.6.2 - Number of countries with laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education.

• Expanding Public Healthcare Funding for Reproductive Services: Increased public funding for reproductive healthcare ensures equitable access to essential services for all individuals. Governments can allocate resources to expand family planning clinics, enhance maternal healthcare infrastructure, and subsidise reproductive services for low-income populations. Strengthening contraceptive access through subsidised distribution programs and widespread availability in healthcare centres can reduce unintended pregnancies and improve overall reproductive health outcomes.

• Advancing Sexual Health Education and Community Awareness: Comprehensive sexual health education in schools is critical for equipping young individuals with accurate knowledge and responsible decision-making skills. Governments can mandate curriculum reforms that include reproductive rights, contraception options, and maternal healthcare awareness. Community-based initiatives—such as workshops, awareness campaigns, and outreach programs—can further engage local populations in discussions surrounding reproductive health. Healthcare providers play a key role in these efforts by receiving specialised training to ensure they deliver clear, evidence-based reproductive health information.

• Strengthening Legal Protections for Reproductive Rights: Robust legal advocacy can safeguard reproductive rights and ensure access to critical healthcare services. Expanding access to contraception and family planning services through policy reforms strengthens individuals' ability to make informed decisions about their health. Governments must also uphold legal protections for maternal healthcare, ensuring pregnant individuals receive adequate medical support, workplace accommodations, and protections against discrimination. Collaborative efforts with human rights organisations, medical professionals, and policymakers can further solidify these legal frameworks.

• Implementing National Reproductive Health Education Programs: Governments must integrate standardised reproductive health education into school curriculums, ensuring that students receive evidence-based information on contraception, maternal health, and family planning. Public health agencies should collaborate with educators to develop accessible learning materials that address reproductive health rights and prevent misinformation. Community-based workshops and training initiatives must be launched to educate adults, particularly in underserved regions, on reproductive healthcare options.

• Ensuring Workplace Protections for Maternal and Reproductive Health: Labor laws must mandate comprehensive workplace protections for maternal and reproductive health, ensuring safe working conditions for pregnant employees and individuals undergoing fertility treatments. Governments must enforce paid maternity leave policies, establish anti-discrimination measures for individuals requiring reproductive healthcare accommodations, and regulate workplace environments to support breastfeeding and postpartum recovery. Employers must be incentivised to implement reproductive health benefits within corporate wellness programs.

• Supporting Gender-Sensitive Healthcare Policies: Healthcare institutions must adopt gender-sensitive policies that prioritise reproductive health services for all individuals, particularly marginalised groups. National healthcare strategies should ensure equitable access to contraception, maternal care, and reproductive counselling through subsidised or free medical programs. Medical professionals must receive training in gender-sensitive patient care to foster inclusive and respectful healthcare environments.

• Integrating Comprehensive Sexual Health Education into National Curricula: Schools must implement comprehensive sexual health education programs that provide students with accurate, age-appropriate information on reproductive rights, contraception, and sexually transmitted infection prevention. Governments must standardise educational content to ensure inclusivity and medical accuracy, addressing cultural sensitivities while promoting evidence-based knowledge. Partnerships with healthcare experts should be established to provide students with professional guidance on reproductive health concerns.

• Supporting Digital Outreach Campaigns for Improved Accessibility: Governments must launch digital reproductive health campaigns that utilise online platforms, social media, and mobile applications to provide accessible healthcare information. Telemedicine services should be expanded to offer remote consultations on reproductive health issues, ensuring individuals in rural or underserved areas receive medical guidance. Public-private partnerships must be encouraged to fund digital health resources that bridge accessibility gaps in reproductive healthcare education and services.

• Implementing Nationwide Reproductive Rights Education: Public health agencies must implement nationwide educational programs that inform citizens about their reproductive rights, including legal protections for access to contraception, maternal healthcare, and safe reproductive choices. Governments should collaborate with advocacy organisations to distribute informative materials on reproductive autonomy, ensuring that individuals can make informed healthcare decisions without fear of discrimination or coercion.

• Enforcing Equitable Healthcare Policies: Legislators must implement healthcare policies that guarantee reproductive health services are accessible and affordable for all individuals, regardless of socioeconomic status. Funding must be allocated to public hospitals and clinics to expand reproductive healthcare services, ensuring adequate resources for maternity care, family planning, and fertility treatments. Governments should eliminate barriers to reproductive healthcare access by removing restrictive policies that limit patient rights.

• Integrating Gender-Sensitive Legal Frameworks into National Governance: Legal reforms must ensure reproductive healthcare policies are structured with gender sensitivity, protecting individuals’ rights to informed medical decisions. Governments must introduce anti-discrimination laws preventing biases in reproductive healthcare services and workplace policies. Judicial oversight mechanisms should be established to review reproductive health-related legal disputes, ensuring fairness in policy implementation and enforcement.

• Improving Affordability of Reproductive Healthcare: Expand public health insurance coverage and introduce targeted subsidies for low-income individuals to ensure cost is never a barrier to essential reproductive services. Implement price transparency regulations and negotiate bulk procurement for contraceptives, fertility treatments, and maternal health care to drive down service costs across sectors.

• Expanding Sexual Health Education: Integrate comprehensive, age-appropriate sexual health education into school curricula from primary through secondary levels. Programs should cover topics such as consent, contraception, reproductive anatomy, and healthy relationships, tailored to be culturally relevant and grounded in scientific evidence.

• Investing in Gender-Specific Medical Research: Increase research grants focused on medical conditions disproportionately affecting women and gender-diverse individuals—including endometriosis, reproductive cancers, and hormone-related disorders. Promote intersectional research that explores how race, gender identity, and socioeconomic status impact diagnosis and treatment outcomes.

• Strengthening Inclusive Sexual Health Education Policies: Mandate that all public education institutions adopt inclusive health curricula that reflect the experiences of LGBTQ+ communities, people with disabilities, and other marginalised groups. Establish national oversight bodies to monitor implementation fidelity and equity of access.

• Boosting Public Awareness Funding: Channel resources into public awareness campaigns that demystify reproductive health, reduce stigma, and promote timely use of care services. Use multimedia storytelling and community-based outreach to reach underserved populations, including rural youth and migrant communities.

• Ensuring Unbiased Guidance from Healthcare Providers: Require regular training for healthcare professionals on cultural competency, trauma-informed care, and reproductive rights frameworks. Enforce standards of non-discrimination in medical guidance, with patient feedback mechanisms and accountability procedures embedded in healthcare systems.

• Enhancing Legal Safeguards for Reproductive Autonomy: Codify reproductive rights, including access to contraception, fertility services, and safe abortion, into national legal frameworks. Introduce legal protection against coercive practices and ensure that reproductive decisions remain solely with the individual, free from state or institutional interference.

• Funding Reproductive Health Initiatives: Support local clinics and health networks through grants that cover service expansion, mobile outreach, and staff development. Prioritise funding models that promote sustainable, community-owned reproductive health delivery and foster public-private partnerships to scale impact.

• Backing Global Efforts to Defend Reproductive Rights: Contribute to international development funds and coalitions that work to uphold reproductive rights in regions facing legal rollbacks or access barriers. Support multilateral advocacy at global forums, and provide technical assistance to countries strengthening reproductive healthcare systems.

• Emergency Maternal Healthcare in Crisis Response: Embed maternal healthcare services into the earliest phases of emergency relief by deploying mobile obstetric teams, establishing clean and safe birthing spaces, and stocking essential maternal supplies including antenatal medications and delivery kits. Prioritise training for frontline health workers in emergency obstetric care and ensure referral pathways are operational for cases requiring advanced intervention.

• International Aid for Displaced Women: Mobilise targeted international funding streams to address the unique health and safety needs of displaced women, including sexual and reproductive health. Channel resources toward gender-responsive humanitarian programming, strengthen accountability for aid effectiveness, and promote coordination between donors and women-led local NGOs to ensure funds directly reach affected populations.

• Integration of Reproductive Health Services in Humanitarian Assistance: Standardise reproductive health service delivery as a core pillar of humanitarian assistance, guided by the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for reproductive health. This includes access to contraception, STI treatment, maternal care, and post-abortion care. Establish reproductive health hubs at refugee camps and transit points to ensure continuity of care throughout displacement.

• Reproductive Health Education in Humanitarian Aid Programs: Develop culturally sensitive, age-appropriate reproductive health education tailored for both women and men in displacement settings. Deliver this content through peer educators, safe community gatherings, and accessible formats such as radio broadcasts, visual materials, and mobile messaging platforms to reach those with limited literacy.

• Mobile Health Services for Displaced Populations: Deploy mobile health clinics equipped to provide prenatal care, contraception, screenings, and counselling services. These clinics should serve hard-to-reach or insecure areas and be staffed with multilingual, gender-sensitive providers. Integrate telemedicine where feasible to expand access and allow referrals to remote specialists.

• International Collaboration for Accessible Sexual Health Resources: Forge partnerships between humanitarian actors, UN agencies, and global health organisations to streamline supply chains for contraceptives, menstrual hygiene kits, and sexual health medications. Establish standing agreements that prioritise the fast deployment of these resources in emergencies and ensure compliance with human rights and health standards.

• Legal Protections for Reproductive Healthcare in Crisis Contexts: Advocate for emergency legislation and international commitments that uphold reproductive health as a protected right in conflict and disaster situations. Work with legal institutions to prevent the rollback of reproductive rights during crises and provide displaced individuals with legal aid to contest rights violations.

• Access to Maternal Health for Displaced Populations: Ensure maternal healthcare is prioritised in all displacement settings by assigning trained midwives, equipping delivery units, and supporting family planning outreach. Develop partnerships with host-country health systems to provide continuity of care and allow displaced women full access to national maternal health services.

• Integration of Reproductive Rights into Humanitarian Frameworks: Codify reproductive rights within humanitarian response principles and protection mandates. Embed these standards into field training, donor agreements, and program design, ensuring every humanitarian operation safeguards bodily autonomy and the full spectrum of reproductive decision-making.

5.a.1 - (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure.

5.a.2 - Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including customary law) guarantees women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control.

• Strengthening Land Ownership Laws and Property Rights for Women: Ensuring legal protections for women in property ownership is essential for financial stability and independence. Governments can implement reforms that safeguard women's rights to inherit, purchase, and retain land without discrimination. Expanding financial aid programs for women purchasing property—including subsidised loan schemes and reduced interest rates—can improve access to land ownership. Additionally, nationwide awareness campaigns on inheritance laws and asset rights can educate communities about legal protections, empowering women to claim and defend their property rights.

• Expanding Microfinance and Digital Financial Inclusion: Microfinance programs tailored for women can foster entrepreneurship and economic independence. Providing small-scale loans with flexible repayment structures can support women in launching businesses and securing financial stability. Ensuring mobile banking accessibility in rural areas—through expanded digital infrastructure and simplified financial applications—helps bridge the gap for unbanked populations. Complementing these efforts with comprehensive financial literacy training ensures that women gain the skills necessary to manage assets, navigate banking systems, and make informed economic decisions.

• Strengthening Legal Awareness and Financial Access: Legal literacy plays a vital role in ensuring women's financial security and asset protection. Strengthening legal awareness campaigns can educate women on their rights, inheritance laws, and pathways to secure financial assets. Reforming inheritance and property laws to eliminate discriminatory barriers can safeguard women's access to land and wealth accumulation. Additionally, expanding financial services for women—such as gender-inclusive banking policies, specialised loan programs, and advisory services—can create opportunities for long-term financial growth.

• Implementing Policy Reforms to Secure Equal Inheritance Rights: Governments must enact and enforce inheritance laws that guarantee women’s equal rights to property ownership, ensuring legal recognition across all jurisdictions. Legislative bodies should eliminate discriminatory customs that prevent women from inheriting assets and provide clear enforcement mechanisms to uphold their claims. Public awareness campaigns and legal education programs must be launched to inform women of their rights and equip them with the tools to challenge unjust inheritance practices.

• Expanding Access to Land Titles for Female Farmers: Agricultural policies must prioritise land tenure security for women by streamlining land registration processes and eliminating bureaucratic obstacles. Governments should establish subsidised land acquisition programs that provide financial support for female farmers to secure property titles. Local land governance systems must be reformed to ensure equitable land distribution, particularly in rural communities where women’s farming rights are often overlooked.

• Supporting Legal Assistance Programs for Women Facing Property Disputes: Governments must fund legal aid centres dedicated to assisting women in property-related conflicts, ensuring affordable and accessible legal representation. Specialised task forces should be created to fast-track land dispute resolution cases, preventing illegal dispossession. Collaboration with legal advocacy groups should be strengthened to provide community-based mediation services that protect women’s rights to land ownership.

• Introducing Gender-Inclusive Banking Reforms: Financial institutions must eliminate discriminatory lending practices and implement gender-inclusive policies that ensure equitable access to credit and banking services. Governments should mandate financial transparency measures that prevent gender-based financial exclusion. Banks must be encouraged to develop women-focused financial products, including savings programs and low-interest loans tailored to female entrepreneurs and business owners.

• Offering Business Development Grants for Women Entrepreneurs: Governments must establish business development grants that provide financial assistance to female-led enterprises, reducing barriers to startup capital. Public funding initiatives should prioritise women-owned businesses in sectors that traditionally lack female representation, such as technology and manufacturing. International investment programs should be leveraged to connect women entrepreneurs with global funding opportunities.

• Promoting Public-Private Partnerships to Fund Female-Led Enterprises: Strategic collaborations between government agencies, financial institutions, and private investors must be strengthened to create funding pools dedicated to female-led businesses. Corporate tax incentives should be introduced to encourage businesses to invest in gender-inclusive entrepreneurship programs. Business incubators and accelerators should focus on providing female entrepreneurs with mentorship, market access, and investment opportunities.

• Implementing Gender-Equitable Labor Laws: Governments must legislate gender-equitable labor laws that enforce fair hiring practices, prevent workplace discrimination, and eliminate gender-based pay gaps. Employment regulations should mandate equal career advancement opportunities for women across all industries. Regular audits should be conducted to assess compliance with gender-equitable labor standards, ensuring accountability within corporate entities.

• Removing Discriminatory Banking Policies: Financial regulatory bodies must review and remove banking policies that disadvantage women, particularly in loan approval processes and investment opportunities. Credit assessment models should be restructured to prioritise business viability over traditional collateral requirements that disproportionately affect female entrepreneurs. Financial literacy programs must be expanded to equip women with the skills needed to navigate banking and investment systems effectively.

• Establishing Workplace Protections that Promote Female Career Advancement: Corporate entities must implement policies that protect women from workplace discrimination and facilitate professional growth. Governments should require businesses to provide parental leave benefits, mentorship opportunities, and leadership training programs specifically designed for women. Incentives must be created to encourage corporations to prioritise female workforce development, fostering inclusive work environments that support career progression.

• Closing Gender Gaps in Asset Ownership: Implement national land and property reforms that ensure joint titling, inheritance equality, and legal recognition of women’s rights in real estate and corporate holdings. Launch public awareness campaigns to destigmatise female asset accumulation and integrate asset equality tracking into national gender statistics.

• Promoting Workplace Policies That Foster Financial Independence: Encourage companies to offer financial literacy programs, individualised retirement planning sessions, and salary negotiation workshops for female employees. Mandate inclusion of gender-sensitive benefit packages that prioritise long-term wealth creation, such as stock ownership plans and childcare subsidies.

• Incentivising Support for Women-Led Investment Ventures: Establish tax incentives or co-financing schemes for financial institutions and corporations that allocate a share of their investment portfolios to women-led ventures or gender-lens funds. Create public-private incubators to accelerate growth of female investment managers and angel networks.

• Enhancing Financial Equity within Organisations: Require companies to conduct regular internal audits on bonus distribution, promotions, and financial training access, disaggregated by gender. Enforce inclusive procurement policies that favour vendors and contractors demonstrating equitable employment and remuneration practices.

• Expanding Venture Capital Access for Women Entrepreneurs: Allocate national or regional funding pools to support women-led start-ups, with specific targets for marginalised or rural innovators. Partner with private VC firms to provide blended financing models, guarantee schemes, and pipeline development initiatives tailored for women founders.

• Establishing Financial Market Mentorship Programs: Encourage financial institutions and asset management firms to develop mentorship and sponsorship programs linking women professionals to senior financial advisors. Create networking hubs and workshops that demystify investment tools and expand career pathways in finance.

• Mandating Equal Pay Legislation Compliance: Strengthen enforcement of equal pay laws by establishing independent monitoring agencies with investigative authority and complaint resolution capacity. Require companies to publish wage transparency reports and set corrective timelines to close gender pay gaps.

• Bolstering Legal Protections Against Workplace Discrimination: Amend labour laws to expand the scope of discrimination to include intersectional gender biases, pregnancy-related penalties, and leadership exclusion. Support specialised legal aid centres to assist victims in navigating resolution and restitution processes.

• Stimulating Women’s Entrepreneurship Through Financial Incentives: Introduce competitive grants, low-interest loans, and tax reliefs for women-owned businesses, particularly in underfunded sectors like tech, manufacturing, and agribusiness. Streamline access to credit by reforming collateral requirements and supporting mobile financing tools tailored to women entrepreneurs.

• Emergency Legal Protections for Displaced Women: Establish fast-access legal assistance points in displacement settings to provide documentation, property rights counselling, and representation in disputes. Enact provisional legal frameworks that explicitly protect women from gender-based exclusion or dispossession during conflict and displacement, while ensuring that legal services are multilingual, survivor-centred, and accessible regardless of legal status.

• Integration of Land and Property Rights in Post-Crisis Reconstruction: Guarantee women's land tenure and inheritance rights by codifying equal ownership into post-crisis land laws and rebuilding policies. Launch joint land registration campaigns that include women’s names on titles and deeds, and fund legal aid programs to resolve land-related disputes. Involve local women’s organisations in land reform planning to align policies with lived realities on the ground.

• Collaboration with International Actors for Asset Stability: Partner with international development agencies, UN entities, and land governance experts to build a legal and financial support infrastructure for displaced women seeking to reclaim or secure assets. Facilitate cross-border recognition of land and property rights, especially for refugee returnees, and promote secure digital systems for asset documentation and proof of ownership.

• Emergency Financial Assistance for Displaced Women: Deploy direct cash transfer programs prioritised for female-headed households, survivors of violence, and informal caregivers in displacement. Use biometric registration and digital wallets to ensure swift and secure payments, while pairing assistance with financial literacy sessions to build resilience and agency among recipients.

• Mobile Banking Integration in Humanitarian Aid: Embed mobile banking platforms into humanitarian relief systems to facilitate transparent disbursement of aid. Partner with fintech providers to offer fee-free accounts, simplified registration processes, and digital savings tools tailored for women—particularly those lacking formal identification or banking history.

• Gender-Inclusive Financial Recovery in Reconstruction: Ensure that recovery packages include access to microloans, grants, and entrepreneurship support specifically for women. Require gender impact assessments for all financial recovery initiatives and include women’s cooperatives and local finance institutions in reconstruction design to ensure equitable access to capital and opportunity.

• Women-Centred Economic Recovery Programs: Design post-crisis livelihood efforts around women’s economic potential by supporting industries with high female employment (e.g. agriculture, textiles, caregiving) and offering flexible work opportunities. Prioritise childcare, transportation support, and safe working conditions within these programs to facilitate full participation.

• Gender-Equal Financial Policies in Governance Reforms: Mandate the adoption of gender budgeting tools in national recovery plans and set measurable targets for public procurement from women-owned enterprises. Train government officials in inclusive fiscal planning and ensure women are represented in financial decision-making bodies during reconstruction.

• Strengthening Legal Protections for Financial Rights: Institutionalise women's right to open bank accounts, access credit, inherit property, and engage in contracts regardless of marital or residency status. Reform discriminatory civil laws that restrict women’s financial autonomy and launch public awareness campaigns to inform displaced women of their rights and available financial services.

5.b.1 - Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex.

• Expanding Rural Internet Infrastructure and Digital Access for Women: Investing in rural internet infrastructure ensures that women in underserved areas have reliable access to digital tools and opportunities. Governments can collaborate with tech companies to expand broadband coverage, subsidise network costs, and introduce mobile internet hubs in remote communities. Providing affordable digital devices—such as discounted smartphones, tablets, and laptops—enables women to engage in online education, entrepreneurship, and communication. Integrating digital literacy programs into school curriculums ensures that young girls develop essential technological skills, fostering long-term digital empowerment.

• Advancing STEM Education and Mentorship for Girls: Expanding STEM education programs creates pathways for girls to enter science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields. Governments and private institutions can offer scholarships and financial incentives for female students pursuing STEM degrees, ensuring equal access to career-building opportunities. Developing mentorship initiatives with female STEM professionals allows young women to receive guidance, networking support, and career insights that enhance their confidence and aspirations in male-dominated industries.

• Strengthening Support for Female Tech Entrepreneurs: Government-backed funding programs for female tech entrepreneurs can fuel innovation and business growth, helping women break barriers in the technology sector. Providing accessible capital—such as grants, low-interest loans, and business development funds—empowers women-led startups. Expanding digital education initiatives ensures that aspiring entrepreneurs receive training in coding, software development, and digital marketing. Supporting startup incubators that prioritise women-led businesses fosters innovation while offering mentorship, workspace, and networking opportunities tailored to female entrepreneurs.

• Expanding Funding for Female-Led Tech Startups: Governments and investors must allocate targeted funding for female-led technology startups to ensure equitable access to venture capital and financial support. Public-private partnerships should be established to create grant programs specifically designed for women entrepreneurs in tech. Financial institutions must be incentivised to remove barriers in loan approval processes and offer flexible funding models tailored to women-led ventures.

• Implementing Gender-Sensitive Digital Policies: Governments must adopt digital policies that promote inclusivity and prevent gender-based biases in technological advancements. Regulatory bodies should mandate gender-equitable data collection, ensuring that digital tools and algorithms do not reinforce discrimination. Cybersecurity policies must include provisions for online harassment prevention, particularly for women in digital workspaces, ensuring safe and equitable online participation.

• Supporting Workforce Training Programs for Women in STEM Fields: Educational institutions, governments, and corporations must collaborate to develop specialised workforce training programs aimed at increasing female participation in STEM careers. Scholarships and tuition assistance must be expanded to encourage women to pursue technical degrees, particularly in engineering, artificial intelligence, and emerging technologies. Industry certification programs should be made accessible to equip women with the skills required for leadership roles in STEM.

• Strengthening STEM Career Pathways Through Industry Partnerships: Governments must incentivise technology companies to create industry partnerships with universities and research institutions, ensuring structured career pathways for women in STEM fields. Internship and apprenticeship programs should be mandated to provide women with hands-on experience in high-demand tech sectors. Corporations should be required to commit resources toward mentorship and talent development initiatives that prioritise female STEM candidates.

• Improving Access to Digital Learning Tools: Public and private entities must expand access to digital education platforms, ensuring women and girls in underserved regions receive equal opportunities to acquire technological skills. Governments should invest in tech literacy programs that provide free or subsidised access to coding boot camps, online courses, and digital training workshops. High-speed internet and affordable digital devices must be made available to bridge gender gaps in digital education accessibility.

• Implementing Gender-Inclusive Hiring Policies in Science and Technology Sectors: Corporations must be required to revise hiring practices to ensure gender-inclusivity in science and technology fields. Employers should eliminate gender bias in recruitment, offering fair hiring opportunities and career advancement pathways for women. Governments should enforce diversity hiring quotas in tech industries to guarantee balanced workforce representation and support female leadership.

• Enforcing Equity Standards in Tech Investment: Regulatory bodies must establish equity standards for tech investment, requiring venture capital firms and funding agencies to prioritise gender-balanced investment portfolios. Governments should incentivise investors through tax benefits and grant allocations that favour women-led innovation projects. Transparency measures must be implemented to track equitable funding distribution and hold financial institutions accountable.

• Increasing Funding for Women-Led Digital Research Projects: National research agencies and technology firms must allocate funding toward women-led digital research initiatives, ensuring female scientists receive equal opportunities for groundbreaking innovation. Competitive grant programs should be designed to prioritise female-led research teams, particularly in fields like artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and cybersecurity. Universities and research institutions must receive support to develop gender-inclusive research environments.

• Establishing Leadership Programs for Female Executives in Technology Sectors: Governments, businesses, and academic institutions must collaborate to create executive leadership programs tailored to female professionals in tech industries. Corporations should fund leadership training workshops and networking events that support women's advancement in management positions. National policies must mandate executive diversity benchmarks, requiring technology firms to appoint more women to board-level and C-suite roles.

• Strengthening Digital Access Through Equitable Regulation: Enact policies that mandate universal broadband coverage, subsidised internet for low-income households, and digital infrastructure investment in underserved communities. Regulators should require public reporting from telecom providers on gender-disaggregated access data and incentivise the development of affordable digital tools tailored to marginalised users.

• Bridging Gender Gaps in Tech Leadership: Introduce corporate governance reforms that require gender diversity metrics in executive tech roles and public disclosure of leadership demographics. Offer tax incentives and procurement advantages to companies that meet or exceed gender equity benchmarks in senior technology management.

• Promoting Diversity in Digital Innovation: Fund incubators and accelerators that prioritise projects by underrepresented groups in emerging technologies such as AI, fintech, and green tech. Embed gender and diversity criteria into government R&D grants, innovation contests, and tech policy advisory boards.

• Enhancing Women’s Representation in STEM Leadership: Support national talent development programs that identify and fast-track women into senior academic, corporate, and research roles in STEM fields. Include quotas for women in science advisory panels, innovation councils, and grant selection committees to shape priorities and resource allocation.

• Expanding Funding for Female-Led STEM Research: Allocate targeted public grants and private co-investment programs specifically for research led by women and gender-diverse scientists. Ensure funding calls are accessible and inclusive, with transparent criteria and mentoring support during the application process.

• Challenging Gender Biases Through Education Campaigns: Launch coordinated media and school-based campaigns to dismantle stereotypes around gender and technology. Engage parents, educators, and employers in reshaping perceptions about girls in tech, using role models, interactive learning, and career guidance focused on digital industries.

• Enforcing Equity Standards in Tech Investment: Mandate gender and diversity impact assessments for venture capital firms receiving public funds or tax benefits. Develop scorecards that evaluate investment portfolios based on inclusion outcomes and make them publicly accessible to drive accountability and reform.

• Increasing Investment in Women-Led Digital Research: Create dedicated funding instruments for interdisciplinary projects led by women in digital health, cybersecurity, data science, and edtech. Provide multi-year support and pathways to commercialisation, including access to innovation hubs and intellectual property protection services.

• Establishing Executive Leadership Programs for Women in Tech: Partner with universities, professional associations, and global tech firms to offer executive training for women in technology sectors. These programs should blend strategic management training, digital fluency, and board readiness support, alongside alumni networks to sustain long-term impact.

• Emergency Digital Infrastructure and Services in Crisis Zones: Invest in the rapid deployment of emergency internet connectivity through mobile network units, satellite services, or Wi-Fi hubs in shelters, learning centres, and community spaces. Collaborate with humanitarian agencies and telecom providers to ensure reliable digital access, especially for women and girls, and establish secure digital platforms for aid registration, education, and employment.

• Online Education and Remote Work Opportunities for Displaced Women: Develop remote learning and freelance job portals tailored to the needs and skills of displaced women. Offer training in digital literacy, language skills, and market-relevant certifications, while providing access to communal digital resource centres. Facilitate partnerships with global employers to build digital employment pipelines for women in displacement and conflict-affected contexts.

• Humanitarian Collaboration for Digital Service Delivery: Coordinate with humanitarian organisations to embed digital inclusion within emergency response plans. This includes distributing mobile devices, supporting digital ID systems, and leveraging technology for service coordination, feedback collection, and protection mechanisms. Prioritise content localisation, language accessibility, and cybersecurity safeguards.

• STEM Education Access for Displaced Girls: Establish coding clubs, science labs, and mentorship circles within refugee and crisis-affected communities to inspire girls’ participation in STEM. Supply STEM learning kits, train female teachers in digital pedagogy, and offer scholarships or stipends for girls pursuing STEM paths through both formal and informal education systems.

• Digital Learning in Crisis Response and Gender-Sensitive Education Rebuilding: Integrate e-learning platforms into emergency schooling using offline tablets, solar-powered radio classrooms, and mobile learning buses. Ensure content includes girls’ rights, digital safety, and reproductive health education. In post-crisis rebuilding, adopt education policies that guarantee equal digital access, recruit more women educators, and embed gender equality goals in national curriculum reforms.

• Emergency Grants and Support for Women Entrepreneurs in Crisis Settings: Create fast-track grant mechanisms for displaced women to launch or stabilise digital businesses. Provide start-up toolkits, cloud-based services, and digital marketing support. Streamline licensing and taxation systems to accommodate informal enterprises transitioning to online platforms in crisis recovery phases.

• Digital Business Integration in Recovery Programs: Incorporate digital enterprise components into broader economic recovery efforts—including training in e-commerce, remote service delivery, and digital supply chain participation. Support scalable, women-led tech innovations that address crisis-specific challenges (e.g., mobile health, distance education, digital agriculture) and link them with impact investors and accelerators.

• International Mentorship and Innovation Networks for Women: Launch global mentorship programs connecting displaced and recovering women entrepreneurs with mentors in STEM, business, and digital innovation. Facilitate peer exchanges, virtual innovation labs, and hackathons that empower women to co-create solutions for their communities. Advocate for inclusion of displaced women in global forums on digital equity and innovation leadership.

5.c.1 - Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment.

• Strengthening Legal Frameworks and Economic Inclusion: Ensuring gender equality requires robust legal protections and policies that promote women's empowerment across all sectors. Governments can reinforce anti-discrimination laws, integrate gender-sensitive policies into national economic strategies, and allocate dedicated funding for programs supporting women’s leadership, entrepreneurship, and workforce participation. Establishing gender-responsive budgeting ensures that financial resources are strategically allocated to close gender gaps in access to opportunities, wages, and political representation.

• Establishing Independent Monitoring Agencies and Policy Transparency: Independent gender law monitoring agencies can evaluate the effectiveness of existing gender equality policies and recommend necessary reforms. Ensuring transparency in gender-related policies—through public access to legal reviews, budget allocations, and impact assessments—enables accountability in governance. Strengthening legal enforcement mechanisms, such as specialised judicial bodies and human rights commissions, ensures that gender equality laws are upheld and that violations are swiftly addressed.

• Expanding Global Funding Partnerships and Collaborative Advocacy: Strengthening international funding partnerships for gender equality programs allows countries to leverage global expertise and resources in advancing gender-inclusive policies. Governments can integrate international best practices into national strategies, ensuring alignment with global standards for women's rights, economic participation, and political representation. Expanding collaborative advocacy initiatives through partnerships with civil society organisations, UN agencies, and development institutions ensures sustained efforts in closing gender disparities across regions.

• Expanding Gender-Inclusive Workplace Protections: Governments must mandate workplace policies that actively prevent discrimination, harassment, and biases against employees based on gender. Legal frameworks should require organisations to implement inclusive hiring practices, equal pay structures, and anti-harassment training programs. Employers must be held accountable through regular audits and publicly disclosed reports on workplace diversity and inclusion efforts.

• Implementing Policies to Address Gender-Based Violence: National legislation must strengthen protections against gender-based violence by enforcing stricter penalties for offenders and ensuring survivor-centred legal processes. Governments should increase funding for crisis intervention services, including shelters, legal aid, and counselling programs. Workplace policies must include confidential reporting mechanisms and support systems for employees experiencing domestic or workplace-related violence.

• Enforcing Gender-Balanced Political Representation Measures: Governments must introduce quotas and representation benchmarks to ensure gender equity in political institutions. Legal frameworks should require fair and transparent candidate selection processes, enabling women to access leadership positions in government. Public awareness campaigns must be launched to challenge societal biases that limit female participation in governance.

• Expanding Funding for Gender Equality Tracking Initiatives: Public and private sectors must allocate financial resources to organisations that track gender equality metrics, ensuring data-driven policy-making. National gender equality indices must be developed to assess progress in workplace inclusivity, political representation, and socio-economic opportunities for women. Funding should also support independent research institutions analysing systemic barriers to gender advancement.

• Integrating Digital Reporting Tools for Legal Accountability: Governments must implement digital platforms that enable the public to report gender discrimination and rights violations securely. AI-driven monitoring systems should be integrated into judicial procedures, ensuring transparency and accountability in gender-related legal cases. Collaboration with tech companies must be strengthened to create accessible reporting mechanisms for individuals facing gender-based injustice.

• Promoting Judicial Reforms that Support Gender Law Enforcement: Judicial systems must undergo reforms to ensure equitable legal proceedings for gender-related cases. Courts must establish specialised divisions dedicated to gender rights enforcement, fast-tracking cases related to discrimination, violence, and workplace inequality. Legal professionals must receive training in gender-sensitive adjudication, ensuring fair and informed rulings.

• Promoting Cross-Regional Policy Coordination on Gender Equity: Governments must strengthen diplomatic channels to facilitate policy coordination on gender equity across regions. International organisations must lead efforts to create standardised gender laws that protect women’s rights globally. Conferences, forums, and cross-border collaborations must be established to exchange best practices in gender-focused governance.

• Increasing Global Support for Women-Led Businesses: International funding institutions must prioritise financial aid for women entrepreneurs, ensuring equitable access to capital. Governments should launch global initiatives that connect female-led businesses with investors, trade opportunities, and mentorship programs. Policies must be introduced to encourage corporations to invest in women-led ventures, fostering a more inclusive economic landscape.

• Strengthening Diplomatic Efforts for Inclusive Governance Reforms: Global leaders must integrate gender equity priorities into diplomatic negotiations, ensuring gender-inclusive policies are embedded in trade agreements, humanitarian aid programs, and governance frameworks. International coalitions must collaborate to enforce gender-balanced leadership structures within policymaking institutions. Countries must be held accountable for meeting global gender equity benchmarks through diplomatic engagement and monitoring.

• Strengthening Gender-Responsive Budgeting Practices: Institutionalise gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) within national fiscal frameworks by mandating gender impact assessments in budget planning, execution, and audits. Build capacity in finance ministries and statistical agencies to track and report gender-differentiated outcomes across public spending priorities, using disaggregated data to realign resources toward equity gaps.

• Investing in Women’s Leadership Across Politics and Business: Fund leadership academies, mentorship platforms, and regional fellowship programs that prepare women for executive roles in political parties, parliaments, and boardrooms. Programs should blend strategic policy training, negotiation skills, and financial literacy, with an emphasis on empowering women from underrepresented communities.

• Closing Gender Gaps in Corporate and Economic Policy: Update corporate governance codes and economic development strategies to include gender equity benchmarks in hiring, pay, and procurement. Enforce gender-balanced participation in economic decision-making forums, public-private partnerships, and national productivity councils.

• Enhancing Global Gender Law Monitoring: Coordinate an international observatory to track, analyse, and share progress on national gender laws, identifying best practices and holding governments accountable to international commitments like CEDAW and SDG 5. Encourage peer-learning between countries and fund civil society’s role in legislative monitoring.

• Supporting Independent Research on Gender Policy Effectiveness: Establish grant streams for universities, think tanks, and feminist research institutes to evaluate the real-world impact of gender policies. Prioritise longitudinal studies, intersectional analysis, and participatory research that centres the experiences of affected populations.

• Enforcing Gender Equity in Workplaces and Politics: Strengthen labour and electoral law enforcement bodies with the authority to investigate discrimination, harassment, and non-compliance with gender mandates. Require regular audits, public reporting, and provide legal remedy pathways for women affected by inequitable practices.

• Scaling Global Gender-Focused Funding Mechanisms: Expand international development funds specifically earmarked for gender equality, including direct support for women’s rights organisations, feminist movements, and locally led solutions. Encourage donor alignment and increase core, multi-year funding to reduce fragmentation.

• Fostering Tech-Based Gender Equity Collaborations: Back initiatives that use digital platforms to deliver gender-based services, such as e-legal clinics, mobile health apps, or blockchain-enabled benefit tracking. Support innovation hubs that incubate gender tech solutions and promote global knowledge exchange on digital gender justice.

• Embedding Gender Mainstreaming in Global Governance Institutions: Mandate all UN agencies, multilateral banks, and global fora to integrate gender impact assessments into program design and evaluations. Ensure gender parity in leadership and advisory structures, and require agencies to publish annual gender equity performance reviews.

• Emergency Gender Protections and Inclusive Recovery Policies: Develop rapid-deployment gender protection protocols in emergencies, including access to legal services, protective shelters, and survivor-centred reporting channels. Embed gender-sensitivity into all recovery legislation, budgeting, and institutional design by applying gender impact assessments and ensuring equal representation of women in recovery task forces. Collaborate with UN agencies, regional bodies, and women-led organisations to co-design governance reforms that reflect gender-equitable values from the ground up.

• Monitoring Gender Law Implementation in Post-Conflict Recovery: Establish independent gender oversight commissions to monitor the enforcement of laws related to gender-based violence, discrimination, and participation. Use mobile reporting tools and civil society watchdogs to gather community-level data on gender law compliance, while supporting legal review bodies to remove discriminatory statutes. Connect humanitarian response programs to legal accountability mechanisms to prevent rights violations during implementation.

• Integrating Accountability Frameworks into Humanitarian Response: Require all humanitarian programs to include gender accountability benchmarks—such as inclusion metrics, grievance redress mechanisms, and third-party audits. Develop scorecards and community feedback systems to track progress on gender equality goals and ensure that donors, governments, and implementing partners remain answerable to women’s needs and voices throughout the response cycle.

• International Oversight and Enforcement of Gender Protections: Engage international human rights bodies and UN special rapporteurs to monitor gender protection compliance in crisis and post-crisis contexts. Support international tribunals in prosecuting gender-based crimes and create cross-border legal cooperation protocols for displaced women seeking redress. Promote harmonisation of national laws with global standards like CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women).

• Humanitarian Action and Peace-building for Gender Protection: Elevate gender protection as a non-negotiable standard in global humanitarian frameworks, including refugee response plans and peacekeeping mandates. Train peacekeepers, diplomats, and aid workers on gender-sensitive conflict resolution, and ensure that gender perspectives are central to ceasefire agreements, reconstruction funding, and demobilisation programs.

• Access to International Legal Protections for Displaced Women: Ensure displaced women can exercise international legal protections through mobile legal clinics, consular support systems, and cross-border recognition of legal status and rights. Disseminate accessible information on international legal remedies and connect survivors with global legal aid networks. Advocate for reforms that allow displaced women to directly engage international legal bodies regardless of nationality or documentation status.