Current Country Status and Key Initiatives to Support SDG 10 Targets

10.2.1 - Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income, by sex, age and persons with disabilities.

• Anti-Discrimination Policies and Financial Inclusion: Governments should enact strong anti-discrimination laws that protect marginalised communities from economic and social exclusion. These policies should be complemented by financial inclusion programs, such as micro-loans and entrepreneurship grants, to empower individuals facing systemic barriers. By fostering equitable access to financial resources, governments can promote economic participation and upward mobility.
• Social Protection Systems for Economic Stability: Developing comprehensive social protection systems, including unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and food security programs, can create a safety net for vulnerable populations. These initiatives help mitigate economic instability, enabling individuals and families to transition toward long-term financial security and social integration.
• Education Accessibility and Vocational Training: Investing in accessible education and vocational training programs equips marginalised communities with the skills needed for sustainable employment. Governments should focus on eliminating barriers to education through scholarship programs, free primary and secondary schooling, and tailored vocational courses that align with labor market demands.
• Strengthening Anti-Discrimination Policies for Social Integration: Beyond legal protections, governments must actively promote social integration through awareness campaigns, community engagement initiatives, and cultural competency training in workplaces and public institutions. Providing direct support for marginalised groups—such as mentorship programs, mental health services, and social support networks—can further facilitate inclusive societal participation.
• Inclusive Representation and Civic Empowerment: Governments should establish legal mandates to ensure diverse and inclusive representation in political decision-making processes. Financial support for underrepresented candidates, alongside civic education initiatives, can empower historically marginalised communities to participate in governance, advocate for policy changes, and drive meaningful social progress.
• Strengthening Grassroots Political Movements: Encouraging grassroots political movements can enhance democratic participation and ensure the voices of marginalised communities are heard. Governments and civil society organisations should facilitate local advocacy efforts, provide funding for civic engagement programs, and support coalition-building efforts to amplify inclusive policy-making.

• Strengthening Workplace Inclusion, Accessibility, & Legal Protections: Employers must implement comprehensive workplace inclusion programs that establish equal-opportunity hiring policies, enforce anti-discrimination measures, and ensure fair career advancement opportunities for marginalised groups. Accessibility infrastructure—such as ergonomic workspaces, assistive technologies, and disability-friendly office designs—should be standardised to remove physical barriers. Legal protections need reinforcement through anti-harassment regulations, whistle-blower support systems, and workplace diversity mandates to foster fair treatment and security for all employees.
• Expanding Career Mentorship & Vocational Training for Employment Equity: Governments and private organisations should scale up mentorship programs connecting professionals with underrepresented individuals seeking career growth. Vocational training initiatives should focus on equipping workers with industry-relevant skills, including digital literacy, sustainable development expertise, and trade-specific certifications, ensuring equitable access to opportunities in high-growth sectors.
• Prioritising Workplace Diversity Initiatives & Inclusive Governance: Firms and institutions should be incentivised to adopt diversity benchmarks, ensuring representation across gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic backgrounds in leadership roles. Governance bodies must implement inclusive decision-making frameworks, allowing marginalised voices to contribute meaningfully to policies and corporate strategies.
• Enhancing Economic Participation via Microfinance & Entrepreneurship Support: Expanding microfinance initiatives will improve financial inclusion, enabling small-scale entrepreneurs to access affordable credit. Additionally, start-up incubation programs should be established to offer mentorship, capital funding, and technical assistance for minority-owned businesses. Governments can partner with financial institutions to create low-interest loan schemes that foster sustainable business growth in underserved communities.
• Electoral Reforms for Equal Representation & Accessibility: Policymakers must address systemic electoral barriers by simplifying voter registration processes and removing discriminatory requirements. Voting infrastructure should be made physically and digitally accessible for persons with disabilities, incorporating assistive technologies and language-inclusive ballots. Affirmative action policies must be expanded to ensure greater representation of marginalised communities in governance structures, fostering diverse political participation.
• Digital Inclusion for Strengthened Political Engagement: Public-private partnerships should invest in accessible civic technology, enabling marginalised populations to engage in digital forums, participate in elections, and access policy discussions. Governments should expand digital literacy programs, ensuring that individuals, especially in rural or poor areas, are equipped to engage effectively with online political systems.

• Advancing Equal Pay, Inclusive Hiring, and Representative Workplaces: Governments should legislate mandatory pay equity audits, require transparent salary reporting, and enforce penalties for unjustified wage disparities. Public and private sector employers must be incentivised to adopt inclusive hiring frameworks that target underrepresented populations through targeted recruitment, bias training, and equitable promotion pipelines. To ensure lasting impact, national representation benchmarks should be established, and institutions held accountable for leadership diversity across race, gender, disability, and socioeconomic background.
• Inclusive Urban Planning and Accessibility Legislation: Enhance national building codes to mandate universal design in public infrastructure, including transportation systems, schools, and housing. Expand funding for disability-inclusive urban planning initiatives co-designed with affected communities. Governments should also strengthen accessibility legislation by enforcing penalties for non-compliance, requiring accessible digital services, and incorporating accessibility criteria into all new public-sector projects and leadership training programs.
• Equitable Representation and Public Service Access: Adopt quota-based policies to increase the presence of marginalised groups in political and bureaucratic leadership positions. Expand outreach programs and mobile public service units to deliver health, legal, and welfare support in remote or underserved areas. Amend or reinforce anti-discrimination laws to criminalise exclusionary institutional practices, and establish ombudsman offices to investigate systemic bias within public institutions.
• Expanding Digital Inclusion for All: Bridge the digital divide by investing in affordable broadband infrastructure, particularly in rural and low-income regions. Governments should subsidise assistive technologies for people with disabilities and create digital literacy training tailored to older adults, indigenous communities, and linguistically diverse groups. Public-private partnerships can be leveraged to deploy multilingual, mobile-friendly digital services that support education, healthcare, and civic engagement.
• Electoral Accessibility and Inclusive Political Participation: Legislate mandatory accessibility standards for voting, including ballot formats for persons with disabilities and multilingual voter information materials. Implement campaign finance reforms to support candidates from underrepresented backgrounds. Launch national civic education programs to encourage informed participation across all communities, and protect voter rights through strengthened oversight of election-related discrimination or intimidation.
• Challenging Societal Bias Through Awareness Campaigns: Initiate large-scale multimedia public awareness campaigns to dismantle stigmas related to gender, disability, ethnicity, and socio-economic status. Partner with schools, media outlets, and community leaders to normalise diverse narratives and elevate stories of marginalised individuals. Embed these efforts in national education curricula and link them to broader anti-discrimination strategies to foster a more inclusive culture from a young age.

• Restoring Social Services and Legal Protections for Marginalised Communities: Humanitarian organisations should prioritise re-establishing essential public services—such as healthcare clinics, schools, identity documentation services, and civil registries—in communities that have faced systemic exclusion or conflict-related disruption. Legal assistance programs must be deployed to restore rights to housing, land, and legal identity, ensuring marginalised groups are not permanently disenfranchised. Mobile legal aid teams, trauma-informed service delivery, and partnerships with grassroots advocacy groups can strengthen long-term protection frameworks.
• Embedding Gender and Racial Equality in Recovery Strategies: Recovery initiatives should mandate gender-responsive and anti-racist programming from inception, including the allocation of budget resources and impact measurement tools. Support networks for women and minority-led organisations should be expanded through capacity-building and direct funding. Programs must actively dismantle structural barriers through affirmative inclusion in decision-making, equitable access to recovery resources, and disaggregated monitoring systems that track disparities in outcomes.
• Integration Support for Displaced Populations: Design inclusive integration programs that facilitate equal access to employment, healthcare, education, and housing for internally displaced persons (IDPs), refugees, and returnees. Partner with host communities to create shared service hubs, language and vocational training centres, and psychosocial support systems. Tailor interventions for vulnerable subgroups such as unaccompanied minors, persons with disabilities, and stateless individuals through targeted outreach and community engagement.
• Sustaining Inclusion Through Legal Advocacy and Protection: Advocate for national legal reforms that enshrine protections for marginalised populations, including anti-discrimination legislation, equal access to justice, and safeguards for civil liberties. Establish regional and international legal monitoring coalitions that can support national mechanisms with technical expertise, reporting, and strategic litigation when necessary. Empower affected communities through rights awareness campaigns and participatory legal empowerment programs.
• Inclusive Governance in Post-Conflict Recovery: Support the development of inclusive constitutional and political reform processes that guarantee representation of displaced persons, minorities, women, and youth in post-conflict governance frameworks. Offer technical assistance for truth and reconciliation commissions, electoral system design, and transitional justice mechanisms that integrate equity and participation. Back civil society platforms that represent marginalised voices in peace negotiations and political transition efforts.
• Safeguarding Electoral Integrity and Political Participation: Collaborate with national electoral commissions to ensure secure voter registration processes for displaced and previously excluded populations, including mobile registration and identity restoration programs. Promote open and independent electoral monitoring missions and invest in civic education to improve participation and prevent disenfranchisement. Reinforce laws that criminalise voter suppression, hate speech, and political violence especially against marginalised candidates or groups.

10.3.1 - Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed within the previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of discrimination prohibited under international human rights law.

• Legal Frameworks Against Discrimination: Governments should enact comprehensive anti-discrimination laws that provide clear legal protections for marginalised groups. This includes enforcing workplace inclusion policies, establishing penalties for discriminatory practices, and ensuring equal rights protections across various sectors. Strengthening independent oversight bodies to monitor compliance and address violations can further uphold social justice.
• Human Rights Monitoring and Advocacy: International organisations play a critical role in supporting human rights initiatives through global monitoring programs, advocacy campaigns, and legal aid assistance. By collaborating with governments and civil society organisations, these entities can enhance accountability, provide technical expertise, and mobilise resources to combat systemic discrimination and human rights violations.
• Constitutional Reforms and Legal Protections: Governments should prioritise constitutional amendments and legislative measures to solidify legal protections for marginalised groups. Enforcing anti-discrimination laws, enhancing due process rights, and providing financial support for legal aid programs can strengthen access to justice. Ensuring fair and equitable treatment in judicial proceedings can help vulnerable populations challenge injustices effectively.
• Legal Education and Advocacy Empowerment: Expanding legal education and advocacy initiatives can empower disadvantaged populations to navigate legal systems and assert their rights. This can involve training programs for community legal advocates, accessible legal literacy workshops, and partnerships with human rights organisations to support grassroots legal empowerment efforts.
• Human Rights Education and Public Awareness: Governments and non-governmental organisations should integrate human rights education into school curricula to foster inclusivity and awareness among younger generations. Establishing community-led workshops and public information campaigns can combat misinformation and biases while promoting a culture of equality and respect. Leveraging digital platforms and media outreach can further amplify these efforts to reach broader audiences.

• Strengthening Legal Enforcement Mechanisms for Social Equity: Governments should bolster legal oversight by increasing funding for regulatory agencies, improving investigative procedures, and establishing independent review boards to ensure anti-discrimination laws are effectively enforced. Standardising accountability measures for institutions that fail to comply with inclusivity mandates is crucial to strengthening legal frameworks.
• Expanding Anti-Discrimination Training Programs for Institutions: Institutions must adopt mandatory diversity training programs tailored to educate employees, management, and policymakers on biases, workplace inclusivity, and fair treatment. These programs should integrate real-world case studies, digital simulations, and interactive learning modules to enhance engagement and impact.
• Improving Accessibility Policies for Enhanced Inclusion: Governments and private entities must standardise accessibility benchmarks across workplaces, public infrastructure, and digital platforms. This includes ensuring barrier-free environments, expanding assistive technology programs, and strengthening legal mandates for comprehensive equal-access policies.
• Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships for Workplace Diversity: Collaborative initiatives between governments and corporations should focus on creating inclusive hiring pipelines, offering incentives for companies investing in workplace diversity, and promoting mentorship programs that elevate underrepresented talent into leadership roles.
• Expanding Legal Accessibility Through Digital Platforms: Judicial institutions should incorporate user-friendly digital legal services, providing remote access to consultations, case tracking, and filing processes. AI-driven legal aid programs and language-inclusive platforms will ensure wider access to justice for marginalised communities.
• Ensuring Equitable Representation in Judicial Institutions: Governments should enforce affirmative action policies to increase diversity among judges, legal officers, and public defenders. Strengthening scholarship programs and career development initiatives for underrepresented groups in the legal profession will improve judicial equity.
• Implementing Workplace Protection Policies for Marginalised Workers: Legislation must mandate whistle-blower protections, anti-retaliation safeguards, and transparent reporting mechanisms for workplace discrimination claims. Companies should be required to conduct regular audits assessing fairness in employment conditions.
• Strengthening Oversight Mechanisms for Enforcement: Policymakers must expand independent compliance review bodies tasked with monitoring institutional adherence to anti-discrimination regulations. Strengthening data collection transparency and public accessibility to workplace equity reports will improve accountability.
• Integrating Digital Learning Tools to Enhance Awareness on Social Justice Issues: Education systems, companies, and advocacy groups should implement digital learning initiatives, including webinars, e-learning courses, and interactive content on human rights, equity laws, and workplace diversity. This approach will foster long-term awareness and societal engagement.
• Leveraging Media Partnerships for Amplified Outreach: Governments and advocacy organisations must collaborate with mainstream media and digital platforms to broadcast anti-discrimination campaigns, highlight success stories of inclusivity, and share actionable legal awareness resources. Expanding social media-driven initiatives will further enhance educational impact.

• Legislative Reforms to Combat Systemic Bias and Digital Discrimination: Governments should introduce laws explicitly targeting algorithmic bias, mandating transparency and accountability in AI-driven decision-making—particularly in sectors like hiring, finance, and law enforcement. Anti-discrimination statutes should be expanded to cover digital platforms, obligating tech companies to audit moderation practices, protect against online hate speech, and ensure equitable access to digital services. Further, enforceable diversity quotas for public institutions can help increase the representation of marginalised communities in high-level decision-making roles.
• Public Education to Challenge Cultural Prejudice: Roll out national educational campaigns that dismantle stereotypes and normalise multiculturalism, with curricula incorporating counter-narratives around race, gender, disability, and economic status. Promote extracurricular programs in schools that foster intergroup dialogue and mutual understanding. Support museums, media productions, and public art that celebrate marginalised histories and encourage civic empathy across generations.
• Closing Legal Loopholes and Expanding Anti-Discrimination Access: Conduct thorough legislative audits to identify and amend legal gaps that enable covert discrimination, such as loopholes in employment, housing, and financial laws. Strengthen existing protections by integrating intersectional criteria into anti-discrimination regulations and broadening protections to emerging forms of economic exclusion, such as algorithmic pricing or gig economy exploitation. Fund public legal aid programs and expand mobile and digital platforms to deliver affordable legal services to isolated or underserved populations.
• Judicial Diversity for Fair Legal Interpretation: Establish diversity targets for judicial appointments to ensure courts reflect the populations they serve. Create mentorship and fellowship programs for underrepresented law students and professionals to access judicial pathways. Incorporate cultural competency and anti-bias training into judicial education to strengthen awareness of systemic barriers that affect legal outcomes and perceptions of justice.
• Inclusive Narratives and Legal Literacy in Media and Education: Empower public broadcasters and regulators to promote content reflecting pluralistic perspectives, and establish diversity benchmarks for newsrooms, production teams, and content creators. Launch nationwide legal literacy initiatives that demystify rights and justice systems, using clear, accessible language and multimedia formats. Integrate human rights education into national school curricula, prioritising multilingual, inclusive materials and participatory learning models.
• Intersectional Approaches in Educational Reform: Revise national education strategies to embed intersectionality at every level from curriculum development to teacher training. This includes representing overlapping identities and experiences in textbooks, designing inclusive classroom policies, and evaluating educational outcomes by gender, race, disability, and income. Support academic research and policymaking that centres lived experiences of marginalised students and translates findings into concrete, equity-driven policy shifts.

• Integrating Anti-Discrimination into Post-Conflict Reconstruction: International organisations should work alongside local governments to mainstream anti-discrimination safeguards into all facets of reconstruction, including housing allocation, public sector rehiring, justice sector rebuilding, and access to essential services. This includes revising local ordinances to prohibit discrimination based on ethnicity, gender, disability, or displacement status, and supporting institutional reforms that dismantle embedded exclusionary practices in public administration.
• Prioritising Legal Protections for Displaced and Marginalised Communities: Deploy legal aid services and mobile justice clinics to displaced communities to restore identification documents, property rights, and civil protections lost during conflict. International support should focus on codifying non-discrimination clauses in national constitutions and building inclusive legal frameworks that protect groups historically excluded from land ownership, employment, education, or political participation.
• Supporting Transitional Justice and Legal System Reforms: Assist governments in establishing transitional justice frameworks such as truth commissions, reparations mechanisms, and war crimes tribunals that emphasise inclusive participation and restorative justice for marginalised survivors. International legal experts can provide guidance on aligning transitional frameworks with international human rights law and ensuring victim-centred processes that acknowledge intersectional harms.
• Strengthening Human Rights Monitoring to Prevent Exclusion: Fund and deploy independent human rights monitoring bodies including domestic human rights institutions and civil society watchdogs with mandates to track violations, publish findings, and provide redress pathways. These bodies must collect disaggregated data to identify patterns of structural exclusion, and their findings should inform policymaking, donor strategies, and accountability mechanisms.
• Raising Legal Rights Awareness through Digital and Grassroots Platforms: Embed legal awareness campaigns into humanitarian aid programs by distributing multilingual materials explaining rights, complaint procedures, and available legal aid. Leverage digital platforms (SMS alerts, community radio, mobile apps) to reach remote or displaced populations. Partner with trusted local actors, including faith leaders, teachers, and women's groups, to organise grassroots advocacy that fosters legal empowerment and civic participation.
• Deepening Local Engagement for Sustainable Education Initiatives: International bodies must co-design education strategies with local educators, parents, and youth to ensure cultural relevance and long-term viability. Train community-based facilitators in peace education, social cohesion, and legal literacy to integrate rights awareness into school and non-formal education. Prioritise participatory planning and equitable resource distribution to avoid exacerbating local tensions and to promote inclusive recovery through education.

10.4.1 - Labour share of GDP.

10.4.2 - Redistributive impact of fiscal policy.

• Strengthening Tax Administration and Combatting Evasion: Governments should modernise tax administration systems to enhance transparency and efficiency in revenue collection. Implementing progressive income tax structures ensures equitable contributions from different economic groups, while stricter enforcement of anti-tax evasion measures—such as digital tracking and financial audits—can prevent revenue losses. Investment in digital tax collection technologies can streamline reporting processes and improve compliance.
• Expanding Funding for Social Programs: Prioritizing investment in essential social programs can help reduce economic insecurity and improve overall well-being. Governments should expand healthcare and education subsidies to ensure accessible public services. Additionally, developing structured cash transfer systems can support vulnerable populations, providing direct financial assistance that fosters economic resilience.
• Strengthening Public Welfare Infrastructure: A robust public welfare system is key to long-term poverty alleviation. Governments should focus on expanding affordable housing initiatives, subsidising essential goods and services, and improving access to employment assistance programs. Strengthening public infrastructure ensures marginalised communities have the necessary support systems to thrive.
• Enhancing Financial Inclusion and Economic Access: Governments must implement policies that improve financial inclusion, such as expanding banking services in underserved regions, supporting micro-finance institutions, and increasing access to credit for low-income communities. Equitable land distribution policies can further empower rural populations, ensuring widespread access to economic resources for sustainable development.
• Strengthening Labor Protections for Economic Stability: Ensuring fair labor practices through stronger workplace regulations is crucial for stability. Governments should enforce wage protections, workplace safety laws, and anti-exploitation policies. Investing in vocational training and skill development programs further enhances economic mobility, ensuring workers are equipped for evolving job markets.

• Expanding Tax Credits & Exemptions for Lower-Income Households: Governments should implement targeted tax relief measures, such as refundable tax credits for low-income earners, child tax benefits, and essential goods tax exemptions. Streamlining the application process for tax benefits and ensuring easy accessibility will maximise support for vulnerable populations.
• Strengthening Corporate Tax Regulations & Wealth Tax Enforcement: Authorities must introduce robust oversight mechanisms to prevent tax evasion and enhance corporate accountability. Implementing progressive wealth taxes on high-net-worth individuals and enforcing strict compliance measures through digital tax tracking systems can ensure fair revenue distribution.
• Public Awareness Campaigns for Improved Tax Compliance: Governments should launch nationwide tax literacy programs to educate citizens about tax structures, exemptions, and the importance of compliance. Leveraging media partnerships, digital outreach, and localised workshops will improve taxpayer awareness and reduce avoidance.
• Enhancing Unemployment Benefits for Economic Security: Expanding income support programs for job seekers through longer benefit durations, skill transition funding, and job placement assistance will ensure financial stability during employment shifts. Establishing automatic enrolment systems for unemployment benefits will prevent bureaucratic delays.
• Ensuring Universal Healthcare Access for Societal Well-Being: Governments must strengthen public healthcare funding, expand low-cost insurance options, and integrate telemedicine solutions to ensure accessible medical services for all individuals, especially in underserved regions. Public-private collaborations should focus on expanding affordable primary care networks.
• Expanding Pension Systems for Long-Term Financial Stability: Modernising retirement savings structures, increasing pension fund contributions, and offering state-backed pension security will strengthen financial independence for retirees. Ensuring inclusive pension programs for informal and gig economy workers will expand economic security.
• Digital Innovations for Efficient Welfare Distribution: Governments should integrate AI-driven benefit processing, blockchain-based welfare tracking, and mobile banking solutions to streamline subsidy and aid disbursement. Implementing direct digital transfers will minimise fraud and ensure aid reaches marginalised groups efficiently.
• Expanding Education Access & Tax Equity to Reduce Disparities: Educational reforms must focus on free or subsidised tuition, school infrastructure improvements, and scholarship expansions to promote equitable access. Strengthening tax-funded education initiatives and improving distribution models will support learning opportunities for low-income families.
• Enhancing Labour Rights for Workplace Equity: Introducing mandatory employment contracts, fair wage structures, and anti-discrimination policies will protect workers from exploitation. Strengthening regulatory enforcement through real-time labour violation reporting systems will safeguard workplace rights.
• Supporting Entrepreneurship & Small Businesses for Financial Independence: Governments should implement microfinance programs, start-up incubation hubs, and tax incentives for small enterprises to foster economic growth. Expanding mentorship networks and business development support will encourage innovation and self-sufficiency among entrepreneurs

• Fair Taxation for Social Investment: Governments should implement progressive wealth taxes targeting high-net-worth individuals through asset-based thresholds, capital gains alignment with income tax, and inheritance tax reform. Close domestic tax loopholes by simplifying codes, ending preferential treatment for offshore income, and enhancing transparency via real-time financial disclosures. Corporate tax policies must be updated to curb profit shifting, with minimum effective tax rates and incentives tied to social and environmental contributions to ensure companies support the communities they operate in.
• Global Coordination Against Tax Evasion: Strengthen multilateral cooperation by joining frameworks such as the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting), mandating automatic exchange of financial information and imposing penalties for non-cooperative jurisdictions. Negotiate bilateral tax treaties that harmonise anti-avoidance provisions and create transnational investigative bodies with the mandate to audit and penalise large-scale cross-border tax abuse. Capacity-building for developing countries should be prioritised to ensure all nations benefit from global tax justice.
• Enhanced Labour Protections and Welfare Expansion: Update labour codes to include gig economy protections, mandate minimum standards for platform workers, and enforce regulations that cover informal employment. Expand affordable housing efforts through public development initiatives, land value capture tools, and long-term rent control mechanisms. Ensure universal access to social benefits—including healthcare, parental leave, and unemployment insurance—by removing bureaucratic barriers and digitising access platforms for marginalised populations.
• Social Security Reform for an Evolving Workforce: Modernise social security systems to reflect a fluid labour market by enabling portability of benefits, extending coverage to freelancers and informal workers, and integrating digital ID systems for seamless enrolment. Adjust retirement and pension schemes to account for increased life expectancy and employment volatility, ensuring fiscal sustainability without reducing inclusivity. Align social protection goals with demographic realities by creating gender-responsive and youth-oriented policy structures.
• Corporate Accountability and Social Security Strengthening: Introduce corporate social responsibility (CSR) requirements into legal mandates, linking tax privileges and procurement eligibility to fair labour practices and environmental stewardship. Reinforce regulatory oversight to prevent wage theft, subcontractor abuse, and underreporting of employment metrics. Increase funding for social security through redirected corporate tax flows, ensuring a resilient safety net amid automation and industrial restructuring.
• Digital Financial Inclusion for Marginalised Communities: Scale up public-private partnerships to expand access to mobile banking, e-wallets, and microcredit tailored to low-income users and rural populations. Subsidise access to digital infrastructure, prioritise gender-inclusive fintech solutions, and provide community-based digital financial literacy training. Create secure digital identity systems that enable access to formal financial services while safeguarding user privacy and autonomy.

• Rebuilding Equitable Tax Systems for Economic Recovery: International financial institutions (IFIs) should provide technical and financial assistance for redesigning post-conflict tax systems to improve equity, efficiency, and transparency. This includes implementing progressive tax structures, broadening the tax base through simplified compliance frameworks, and introducing digital tax administration tools. Revenue policies should emphasise fair redistribution, funding public goods like healthcare, education, and infrastructure to rebuild social trust and stimulate local economies.
• Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Tax Enforcement: Capacity-building programs must prioritise the training of tax authorities, judiciary staff, and auditors to detect evasion, enforce compliance, and improve revenue collection in fragile settings. IFIs can help establish autonomous tax bodies, deploy data-driven risk assessments, and create taxpayer education campaigns that promote voluntary compliance and accountability in fiscal governance.
• Stabilising Welfare Access for Displaced and Vulnerable Populations: Humanitarian partners should support governments in sustaining emergency welfare systems—such as food distributions, healthcare subsidies, rent support, and cash transfers—for displaced persons, returnees, and conflict-affected households. These programs should be adaptable, digitally accessible, and community-verified to ensure rapid deployment and long-term integration into formal national safety nets.
• Rebuilding and Expanding Social Security Systems: Post-conflict social protection strategies must go beyond short-term relief to establish comprehensive and universal social security systems. This includes unemployment insurance, maternity protection, disability support, and old-age pensions. Development partners should fund digital registration systems, social protection floors, and training for frontline social workers to extend coverage and improve delivery in underserved regions.
• Revitalising Economic Infrastructure and Job Creation: Recovery strategies should fund reconstruction of critical infrastructure such as roads, energy grids, and communications systems with labour-intensive approaches to generate employment. Special economic recovery zones can be established to attract ethical investment while prioritising displaced and marginalised groups for employment, micro-enterprise support, and vocational training. International donors should prioritise grant-based financing for infrastructure in fragile states to avoid new debt burdens.
• Promoting Fair Resource Distribution and Inclusive Growth: Introduce public expenditure tracking mechanisms to ensure equitable allocation of recovery funds across regions, particularly those historically marginalised or disproportionately affected by conflict. Encourage participatory budgeting and grievance redress systems that allow citizens to hold recovery institutions accountable. Aid strategies should be guided by inclusive needs assessments and coordinated across humanitarian and development actors to avoid duplication and exclusion.

10.5.1 - Financial Soundness Indicators.

• Financial Literacy and Banking Accessibility: Governments should invest in comprehensive financial literacy programs to ensure individuals have the necessary skills to manage personal finances, understand credit systems, and prevent exploitation. Expanding banking accessibility—through mobile banking services, community banking programs, and simplified account registration processes—can further enhance financial inclusion, especially for underserved populations.
• Strengthening Anti-Corruption Laws and Regulatory Oversight: To prevent financial exploitation, governments must establish stronger anti-corruption laws and enforce strict financial transparency measures. Anti-fraud mechanisms, digital transaction monitoring, and independent regulatory agencies can ensure accountability within financial institutions. International assistance can support regulatory capacity-building by offering expertise in policy development, compliance standards, and enforcement strategies.
• Fair Trade and Ethical Banking Practices: Implementing fair trade regulations can protect vulnerable communities from exploitative financial systems. Governments should encourage ethical banking programs that prioritise responsible lending practices, consumer protections, and transparent financial agreements. Providing financial literacy education through schools, workplaces, and community initiatives can further equip individuals with knowledge to navigate ethical financial systems.
• Expanding Microfinance for Financial Inclusion: Microfinance institutions play a critical role in promoting financial access for marginalised communities. Governments should support micro-finance programs that offer low-interest loans, savings initiatives, and capacity-building services for small entrepreneurs. Public-private partnerships can facilitate the expansion of these institutions while ensuring long-term financial sustainability.
• Strengthening International Financial Collaboration: Governments should collaborate with international financial institutions to enhance regulatory frameworks, combat illicit financial transactions, and promote financial transparency. Establishing cross-border oversight mechanisms, aligning domestic policies with global standards, and fostering cooperative efforts can reduce fraud and improve economic stability.
• Capacity-Building for Financial Institutions: Improving oversight mechanisms within financial institutions requires targeted capacity-building programs. Governments should invest in training for financial regulators, implement digital auditing systems, and establish compliance monitoring initiatives. Strengthening institutional capabilities ensures greater accountability and reduces systemic financial risks.

• Enhancing Corporate Accountability to Reduce Financial Misconduct: Governments must establish mandatory corporate disclosure policies, requiring companies to publicly report financial statements, ethical investment practices, and executive compensation details. Strengthening auditing requirements and whistle-blower protections will deter fraudulent activities and ensure ethical corporate governance.
• Strengthening Financial Market Transparency Regulations: Regulatory bodies should implement stricter oversight mechanisms, ensuring fair competition and preventing market manipulation. Expanding real-time financial reporting systems will improve transparency in securities trading, investment disclosures, and cross-border financial transactions.
• Integrating Digital Finance Monitoring Tools for Compliance: Governments must adopt AI-driven fraud detection systems, blockchain-based transaction tracking, and automated compliance verification to monitor financial institutions. Enhancing data-sharing protocols between banks and regulatory agencies will improve oversight and reduce illicit financial activities.
• Fostering Public-Private Collaboration for Stronger Financial Oversight: Joint initiatives between financial institutions and government agencies should focus on risk assessment frameworks, standardised reporting protocols, and coordinated regulatory responses. Encouraging collaboration between fintech firms and compliance bodies will strengthen market integrity.
• Strengthening Banking Transparency Laws for Ethical Practices: Policies must require banks to provide clear interest rate disclosures, fair lending practices, and ethical investment transparency. Standardising banking accountability metrics will ensure responsible financial operations and prevent exploitative practices.
• Enforcing Ethical Investment Disclosure Requirements: Investment firms should be mandated to publicly disclose social responsibility policies, including environmental impact, labour rights compliance, and fair trade investments. Regulatory agencies must establish penalties for misleading financial disclosures and ensure ethical standards are met.
• Promoting Fair Labour Practices in Trade Agreements: Governments must integrate labour protection clauses into trade negotiations, ensuring fair wages, workplace safety, and anti-exploitation measures in international commerce. Strengthening monitoring mechanisms for multinational corporations will improve compliance.
• Launching Public Awareness Campaigns for Consumer Protection: Educational initiatives should inform consumers about financial risks, fraud prevention, and ethical banking options. Leveraging media partnerships and digital outreach platforms will increase financial literacy and empower citizens to make informed decisions.
• Strengthening Tax Enforcement for Fair Revenue Distribution: Governments must enhance automated tax compliance systems, implement real-time auditing platforms, and increase tax evasion penalties to ensure equitable revenue collection. Expanding corporate taxation transparency laws will prevent illicit financial practices.
• Enhancing Digital Financial Regulations for Secure Transactions: Regulators should enforce multi-layered cybersecurity measures, promote secure online banking authentication, and establish fraud monitoring networks to safeguard digital transactions. Strengthening consumer data protection laws will ensure financial security.
• Increasing Participation in Global Financial Monitoring Networks: Governments must engage in international financial regulation forums, ensuring compliance with global standards for anti-money laundering (AML) and financial crime prevention. Strengthening cross-border financial intelligence sharing will improve oversight.
• Supporting Financial Stability Through Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborative initiatives should focus on developing financial security programs, expanding inclusive banking policies, and investing in economic risk mitigation strategies to foster market resilience and stability.

• Strengthening Financial Monitoring Through Data Sharing and Regulation: Policymakers should establish cross-sectoral data-sharing protocols between tax authorities, financial regulators, and anti-corruption bodies to detect irregularities in real time. Expand participation in international data exchange platforms such as the Common Reporting Standard (CRS), while mandating financial institutions to comply with domestic transparency thresholds. Update regulatory frameworks to close loopholes that facilitate transfer pricing, shell corporations, and tax base erosion by aligning financial reporting rules with international best practices.
• Oversight of Emerging Digital Financial Technologies: Governments must expand digital transaction monitoring systems, particularly for fintech services, cryptocurrencies, and peer-to-peer lending platforms. This includes mandating registration, risk-based supervision, and real-time reporting for high-volume digital financial service providers. Introduce legal frameworks for algorithmic accountability and AI audit trails to detect fraud, bias, and consumer harm in automated systems used for digital lending, payments, and investment platforms.
• Corporate Accountability and Sustainable Finance Governance: Reinforce corporate accountability measures by embedding ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) disclosures into mandatory reporting requirements, backed by independent audit standards. Establish supervisory bodies tasked with vetting ESG investment claims and penalising greenwashing or misleading sustainability marketing. Encourage responsible investing through public pension fund mandates and tax incentives tied to impact-driven financial instruments that align with sustainable development goals.
• Fair Lending Reforms in Digital Banking: Reform digital banking policies to include robust anti-discrimination measures in algorithmic credit scoring, ensure interest rate transparency, and eliminate predatory lending practices. Regulatory agencies should certify fintech products that prioritise accessibility for low-income users, rural populations, and individuals without traditional credit histories. Support community-based financial institutions and credit cooperatives that offer culturally responsive, inclusive banking tools.
• Global Tax Cooperation and Financial Transparency: Governments should intensify efforts under multilateral frameworks like the OECD/G20 Global Minimum Tax agreement to deter corporate profit shifting and tax avoidance. Close tax loopholes used by multinational enterprises by standardising minimum taxation levels and enhancing beneficial ownership registries. Build enforcement capacity for financial intelligence units (FIUs) to ensure compliance with international transparency norms, and support the creation of a global financial transparency index to track progress.
• Digital Financial Market Supervision: Develop specialised supervisory units within central banks and financial authorities to oversee digital financial markets, particularly those involving decentralised finance (DeFi) and digital asset trading platforms. Implement licensing requirements for fintech start-ups and digital asset exchanges, with stress testing and consumer protection protocols. Introduce whistle-blower protections and crowd-sourced audit mechanisms to enhance market integrity and early detection of systemic risks.

• Supporting Financial Sector Recovery and Oversight: International organisations should partner with transitional governments to recapitalise local banks, stabilise currency systems, and re-establish central banking functions. This includes deploying technical advisors to audit financial institutions, advise on risk management practices, and ensure responsible credit flows. Legal guidance must be provided to draft or revise regulatory frameworks governing financial oversight, licensing, anti-money laundering measures, and consumer protection in line with international standards.
• Establishing Independent Monitoring and Anti-Corruption Mechanisms: Support the creation of autonomous financial watchdogs tasked with auditing public spending, tracing financial flows, and investigating procurement and aid-related corruption. These bodies should operate transparently with statutory independence, adequate budgetary support, and civil society representation. Whistle-blower protections and legal recourse for victims of financial exploitation should be embedded into national law and reinforced through international human rights monitoring frameworks.
• Advancing Fiscal Transparency for Economic Stability: International development partners should fund open budget platforms, digital public financial management systems, and participatory expenditure tracking tools that promote accountability at every level of government. Ministries of finance must be equipped with modern systems to publish real-time budget execution reports, debt servicing metrics, and donor fund allocations. Civil society should be empowered to review and verify spending, supported by legislation mandating access to fiscal data.
• Ensuring Ethical Investment and Economic Stabilization: International financial institutions must tie stabilisation funding to enforceable safeguards on ethical investment—ensuring projects respect labour rights, environmental sustainability, and community consent. Balance-of-payments support, and emergency lending should come with flexibility to protect social spending and restore essential services. Impact-linked financing instruments (such as results-based financing or social bonds) should be prioritised to align economic support with measurable recovery goals.
• Strengthening Fair Trade Agreements for Rebuilding: Post-conflict trade frameworks should include clauses that protect smallholder producers, promote local value addition, and enable flexibility for industrial recovery. International trade partners must eliminate non-tariff barriers that disadvantage recovering economies and support capacity-building in standards compliance and export readiness. Regional trade agreements should be updated to incorporate crisis resilience, labour mobility, and inclusive dispute resolution mechanisms.
• Providing Regulatory Expertise and Technical Assistance: Deploy financial governance experts to assist with rebuilding tax codes, central bank functions, financial regulatory bodies, and procurement systems. Prioritise on-the-ground training for public officials in anti-corruption techniques, macroeconomic planning, and donor fund management. Embed international experts within ministries or oversight institutions in a mentoring role, ensuring local ownership and sustainability.
• Enhancing Financial Governance for Long-Term Recovery: Post-conflict financial governance must be codified in law through fiscal responsibility acts, transparency laws, and safeguards against elite capture. International organisations should help design recovery compacts that align donor support with national priorities, require inclusive budgeting, and promote long-term debt sustainability. Recovery should include community-led financial accountability mechanisms to ensure that funds reach intended beneficiaries and rebuild public trust.

10.6.1 - Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in international organisations.

• Strengthening Regional Alliances for Fair Voting Rights: Governments should collaborate through regional alliances to promote fair and transparent electoral processes. By establishing joint advocacy platforms, nations can push for standardised voting rights protections, combat electoral fraud, and enhance democratic participation. Regional electoral monitoring bodies can provide oversight, ensuring elections are conducted with integrity.
• Promoting Financial Independence Through Localised Development Banks: Creating localised development banks can empower communities by providing accessible financial services tailored to regional economic needs. These banks can focus on supporting small businesses, funding infrastructure projects, and offering affordable credit to underserved populations. Governments should facilitate partnerships between public financial institutions and local banking networks to enhance economic resilience.
• Negotiating Equitable Access to International Financial Assistance: Governments must engage in strategic negotiations with international financial institutions to secure fair access to funding and development assistance. Ensuring equitable financial agreements, advocating for debt relief programs, and pushing for inclusive lending conditions can improve financial stability and economic growth in underserved regions.
• Training Programs in Financial Governance for Improved Representation: Expanding financial governance training programs can strengthen institutional capacity and enhance representation in economic decision-making processes. Governments should invest in leadership development initiatives, provide financial management education for policymakers, and establish programs that empower marginalised communities to participate in financial governance structures.

• Expanding Diplomatic Influence Within Global Financial Institutions: Governments should strategically increase representation in international financial decision-making bodies, ensuring that emerging economies have a voice in shaping global fiscal policies. Strengthening negotiation capacities through specialised diplomatic teams will allow nations to advocate effectively for economic priorities. Engaging in coalition-building efforts with like-minded countries will enhance leverage in multilateral financial discussions.
• Advocating for Quota Adjustments in Financial Governance: Policymakers must push for fair quota reallocation in institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, ensuring equitable voting rights for developing economies. Strengthening analytical data and economic reporting will provide evidence-based arguments supporting the need for revised quota structures. Engaging in regional advocacy groups can amplify efforts to secure better representation.
• Supporting Regional Economic Cooperation Initiatives for Policy Influence: Governments should facilitate trade agreements and economic partnerships that promote collective policy-making influence. Establishing regional financial stability funds can improve economic resilience and provide negotiating power in global financial forums. Strengthening cross-border infrastructure investments will deepen regional economic integration, creating stronger leverage in multilateral financial negotiations.
• Strengthening Domestic Financial Institutions Against External Economic Pressures: Enhancing risk management frameworks in banks and regulatory agencies will increase resilience against global financial fluctuations. Governments must invest in financial technology innovations to improve institutional efficiency and stability. Expanding training programs for economic policymakers will ensure they can navigate international financial challenges while maintaining domestic economic security.

• Empowering Emerging Economies in Global Financial Governance: Governments should advocate for quota reform in institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, ensuring that voting power and leadership roles better reflect the evolving global economic landscape. Regional development banks should be strengthened to give emerging economies more direct control over funding decisions and policy design. Additionally, participation in financial standard-setting bodies such as the Financial Stability Board and Basel Committee should be expanded to include diverse voices from the Global South, enabling more balanced rule-making.
• Ensuring Fair Representation in Trade and Investment Agreements: Policymakers must prioritise inclusive negotiation processes that involve representatives from marginalised economies and civil society groups. Legal frameworks for trade and investment treaties should include development safeguards, labour rights provisions, and flexibility for domestic policy space. Transparency in negotiation texts, public consultations, and independent impact assessments can help prevent power imbalances and ensure trade benefits are equitably shared.
• Promoting Transparency in International Financial Institutions: International financial institutions should adopt binding transparency protocols, including open publication of board decisions, conditionalities, and project impact evaluations. Oversight mechanisms such as ombudsperson offices or independent evaluation units must be reinforced to allow stakeholders, particularly from borrowing countries, to scrutinise decisions and appeal unjust measures. Data-sharing platforms should be created to enable comparative analysis of financial flows, commitments, and compliance with development targets.
• Reinforcing Equitable Development Funding Policies: Governments and multilateral donors must shift from traditional aid models to equitable, need-based development financing mechanisms. This includes increasing grants and concessional loans to low-income and climate-vulnerable countries, eliminating tied aid practices, and aligning funding criteria with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Blended finance strategies should be used to de-risk private investment in infrastructure, education, and health—especially in underserved regions

• Facilitating Accessible and Inclusive Economic Recovery Programs: International financial institutions (IFIs) should prioritise flexible, needs-based recovery programs tailored to post-conflict contexts. This includes providing debt relief, grants, and concessional financing to fund infrastructure restoration, public service reactivation, and emergency job creation. Recovery assistance should be accessible through simplified application procedures, language inclusivity, and technical guidance to ensure that lower-capacity governments can benefit fully.
• Ensuring Marginalised Nations Have a Voice in Aid Governance: Reform governance structures within IFIs and donor coordination platforms to guarantee that conflict-affected and marginalised countries are represented in decision-making bodies. Introduce inclusive funding boards that involve recipient nations in priority setting, policy conditionality design, and performance evaluation of aid programs. Promote rotating leadership roles and regionally balanced voting rights to reduce power asymmetries in global financial governance.
• Supporting Economic Capacity-Building for Self-Sufficiency: Pair financial recovery support with technical assistance programs that strengthen local institutions in public financial management, domestic resource mobilisation, and macroeconomic planning. Develop long-term capacity-building partnerships with local universities, audit offices, and development planning agencies. Expand digital tools and training initiatives to enable recipient countries to manage finances transparently, assess needs autonomously, and reduce dependence over time.
• Strengthening Diplomatic Frameworks for Post-Conflict Integration: Foster multilateral agreements that promote trade reintegration, cross-border infrastructure harmonisation, and financial policy alignment between post-conflict nations and their regional neighbours. Establish peace-linked economic corridors, currency exchange mechanisms, and joint investment forums that create shared recovery objectives. Utilise regional development banks and intergovernmental bodies to coordinate reconstruction financing and deepen economic diplomacy for sustained peace.

10.7.1 - Recruitment cost borne by employee as a proportion of monthly income earned in country of destination.

10.7.2 - Number of countries with migration policies that facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people.

10.7.3 - Number of people who died or disappeared in the process of migration towards an international destination.

10.7.4 - Proportion of the population who are refugees, by country of origin.

• Strengthening Legal Frameworks for Migrant Protection: Governments should implement comprehensive legal frameworks to safeguard migrants from exploitation, discrimination, and human rights violations. Enforcing stringent labor protections, prohibiting unfair employment practices, and ensuring access to legal recourse can help prevent migrant abuse. Strengthening bilateral agreements with host countries can also facilitate safe migration opportunities and enhance cross-border protections.
• Improving Access to Identification and Residency Documentation: Ensuring migrants have access to proper identification and residency documentation is critical for their economic and social integration. Governments should streamline registration processes, reduce bureaucratic barriers, and establish digital identity systems to provide secure and accessible documentation. Collaborating with international organisations can enhance efficiency and ensure migrants have equal access to essential services.
• Strengthening Refugee Support and Basic Services: Governments should develop robust refugee support programs that guarantee safe shelter, healthcare, and social assistance. Collaborating with international organisations can expand resources for humanitarian aid, improve refugee education opportunities, and create pathways to long-term economic stability. Investments in infrastructure and coordinated service delivery mechanisms can further enhance access to necessities for displaced populations.
• Enhancing Legal Pathways for Migration: Governments must establish legal pathways to facilitate fair and structured migration. This can include visa reforms, employment-based residency options, and humanitarian corridors for individuals fleeing conflict or persecution. Transparent migration policies that prioritise human rights protections ensure migrants can contribute to host societies while maintaining security and stability.
• Investing in Education and Vocational Training for Migrants: Providing migrants with access to education and vocational training equips them with essential skills for employment and economic self-sufficiency. Governments should expand scholarship programs, language education initiatives, and workforce training tailored to industry needs. Strengthening partnerships with private sector employers and educational institutions can accelerate migrant integration into local economies.
• Establishing Local Integration Centres for Economic Mobility: Governments should create dedicated local integration centres that provide migrants with support in housing, employment, and cultural orientation. These centres can serve as resource hubs for legal aid, financial planning assistance, and professional development programs. Strengthening community partnerships ensures a smooth transition and enhances social cohesion between migrants and host populations.
• Strengthening Anti-Discrimination Policies for Social Inclusion: Fostering an inclusive society requires robust anti-discrimination laws that protect migrants from social exclusion and prejudice. Governments should enforce equal treatment policies in workplaces, education systems, and public services. Awareness campaigns and intercultural dialogue programs can further promote societal acceptance and prevent xenophobia.

• Expanding Labour Protections for Migrant Workers: Governments must introduce comprehensive labour rights frameworks ensuring fair wages, safe working conditions, and legal protections for migrant employees. Strengthening employment contract regulations will minimise exploitation by mandating standardised agreements that outline rights, obligations, and dispute resolution mechanisms.
• Improving Integration Programs for Migrants: Public and private sector collaboration should focus on cultural adaptation workshops, vocational training, and job placement support to assist migrants in transitioning smoothly into new communities. Local governments should establish multilingual support centres to provide essential guidance on employment, healthcare, and legal rights.
• Enhancing Diplomatic Agreements for Secure Migration Processes: Bilateral and multilateral agreements should promote transparent visa processes, labour mobility programs, and cross-border worker protections. Standardised migration pathways must ensure secure legal entry options, reducing dependency on unsafe migration routes.
• Strengthening Employment Protections & Anti-Discrimination Laws: Labour policies should prohibit workplace discrimination based on nationality or migration status, ensuring equal pay and fair treatment for all workers. Strengthening monitoring mechanisms through independent labour inspection units will hold employers accountable for compliance with ethical labour standards.
• Ensuring Healthcare Access for Migrant Populations: Governments must integrate inclusive healthcare policies that grant migrants access to essential medical services, regardless of legal status. Public health initiatives should focus on mobile health clinics, subsidised insurance options, and multilingual medical assistance to reduce barriers to healthcare.
• Expanding Refugee Integration & Resettlement Initiatives: Countries should increase investment in community resettlement programs, providing housing assistance, legal aid, and vocational opportunities for displaced populations. Expanding language training, mental health support, and education access for refugee families will enhance long-term stability and self-sufficiency.
• Improving Social Welfare Access for Migrants: Governments must remove bureaucratic obstacles that prevent migrants from accessing social security benefits. Expanding food assistance programs, childcare support, and financial inclusion initiatives will strengthen migrants’ ability to achieve economic independence.
• Launching Language & Cultural Orientation Programs for Inclusion: Local governments and advocacy groups should implement free or subsidised language education programs to equip migrants with essential communication skills. Cultural awareness programs should be incorporated into community engagement initiatives to foster social cohesion.
• Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships for Job Creation: Governments must collaborate with businesses to expand employment opportunities for migrants, including skills-based training and entrepreneurship support. Incentivising companies to hire and train migrant workers through tax benefits and funding programs will enhance economic participation.

• Fair Immigration and Refugee Protection Policies: Governments should reform immigration laws to provide timely, transparent, and rights-based pathways for entry, legal residency, and citizenship. This includes expanding quotas for humanitarian visas and work-based migration, simplifying documentation requirements, and enforcing non-discriminatory visa issuance practices. Comprehensive refugee protection programs must uphold the principle of non-refoulement, offer legal aid for asylum seekers, and provide safe housing, language services, and psychosocial support from arrival onward.
• Legal Work Permits and Labour Market Access: Adopt national frameworks for issuing renewable, sector-specific work permits to migrant labourers, ensuring they are not tied exclusively to single employers and are protected from exploitation. Extend equal labour rights including minimum wage guarantees, health and safety protections, and collective bargaining opportunities to all migrant workers, regardless of status. Institutionalise oversight bodies to monitor labour rights compliance and resolve transnational labour disputes effectively.
• Social Integration and Economic Empowerment: Fund community-based integration programs that provide orientation, language instruction, job training, and cultural mentorship for newcomers. Incentivise local employers to hire migrants through wage subsidies or tax benefits, while tailoring entrepreneurship support services—like microloans and business licensing assistance—for migrant-led start-ups. Promote policies that recognise foreign qualifications and credentials to ease labour market entry.
• Asylum System Reforms and Refugee Inclusion: Redesign asylum procedures to be efficient, humane, and trauma-informed, incorporating digital platforms for application tracking and case management. Provide early access to housing, education, and employment opportunities during asylum processing periods. Foster long-term inclusion by embedding refugees in participatory local development strategies and offering permanent residency or citizenship pathways after defined integration milestones.
• Inclusive Public Services in Healthcare and Education: Ensure migrants and refugees can access quality healthcare services—including maternal care, mental health support, and vaccinations—regardless of legal status. Expand multicultural outreach programs in schools, train educators on inclusive pedagogy, and provide language support to help migrant children thrive. Governments should allocate targeted funding for service delivery in high-immigration areas and establish multilingual health and education navigation centres.
• Public Awareness and Anti-Xenophobia Campaigns: Launch national public campaigns that counter misinformation and highlight migrants' contributions to society through storytelling, media partnerships, and community ambassadors. Incorporate anti-racism and intercultural education into school curricula and workplace training. Governments should support cultural exchange festivals, interfaith dialogues, and youth-led initiatives that build trust, empathy, and shared identity among diverse communities.
• Legal Pathways and Citizenship Reforms: Expand legal channels for long-term residency by reducing administrative backlogs, lowering costs, and harmonising naturalisation criteria. Introduce “earned regularisation” programs for undocumented migrants who meet integration or work history thresholds. Safeguard dual citizenship rights and prohibit arbitrary denationalisation, while promoting civic participation for naturalised citizens through voter inclusion and public service eligibility.

• Supporting Humanitarian Migration Pathways and Safe Resettlement: International organisations should collaborate with national governments to establish coordinated resettlement schemes that guarantee safe, legal, and dignified migration pathways. This includes setting annual resettlement targets based on protection needs, facilitating humanitarian corridors, and supporting family reunification programs. Transport logistics, transitional housing, and psychosocial support must be integrated into every step of the migration journey to ensure humane treatment.
• Providing Legal Assistance and Emergency Protection: Deploy mobile legal teams and virtual legal aid platforms to assist displaced populations in navigating asylum procedures, obtaining legal status, and asserting their rights in host countries. Emergency protection mechanisms should be activated promptly during conflict or climate crises, including temporary protection statuses, expedited refugee status determinations, and deployment of human rights observers to monitor access to justice and safety.
• Scaling Up Humanitarian Aid for Migrant Safety: Strengthen funding for humanitarian agencies to provide essential services such as food, water, shelter, and medical care especially in border zones, refugee camps, and urban displacement contexts. Ensure that aid is inclusive and sensitive to the unique needs of women, children, persons with disabilities, and LGBTQ+ individuals. Localisation of aid delivery through trusted community-based organisations increases reach, efficiency, and trust among vulnerable groups.
• Supporting Economic Assistance and Long-Term Integration: Offer displaced individuals immediate access to cash assistance, livelihood support, and skills-based training linked to labour market opportunities in host communities. Encourage inclusive employment policies, credential recognition, and small business support for refugee and migrant entrepreneurs. Align assistance with national development plans to integrate new arrivals in ways that benefit both migrants and host societies economically and socially.
• Strengthening Diplomatic Cooperation for Migration Stability: Facilitate multilateral agreements that uphold shared responsibility in refugee hosting and promote equitable distribution of humanitarian obligations. Diplomatic efforts must also address root causes of displacement through peace-building, climate adaptation, and sustainable development in countries of origin. Cross-border coordination on returns, border management, and human trafficking prevention strengthens regional migration stability while respecting human rights.

10.a.1 - Proportion of tariff lines applied to imports from least developed countries and developing countries with zero-tariff.

• Improving Trade Infrastructure and Expanding Export Diversification: Governments should prioritise investment in trade infrastructure, such as modernising ports, improving transportation networks, and streamlining customs procedures to facilitate efficient commerce. Expanding export diversification strategies can reduce reliance on a single sector and strengthen economic resilience. Negotiating preferential trade agreements with major economies can provide domestic industries with competitive advantages, fostering long-term growth.
• Enhancing Technical Training for Global Market Competitiveness: Strengthening technical training programs is essential to equip workers with industry-relevant skills and improve overall competitiveness in global markets. Governments should invest in vocational education, partnerships with private sector companies, and certification initiatives to align workforce capabilities with international standards. Providing training in emerging industries such as digital technology and renewable energy can further enhance economic positioning.
• Strengthening Financial Governance and Investment Policies: Governments must improve financial governance by enforcing transparency in investment policies and ensuring fair allocation of development aid. Establishing independent regulatory bodies, implementing anti-corruption mechanisms, and fostering public-private collaboration can improve trust in financial institutions. Strengthening investor protections and incentivising ethical business practices can further promote economic stability.
• Expanding Access to Financial Institutions for Economic Stability: Increasing financial inclusion is crucial for entrepreneurship and sustainable economic development. Governments should support initiatives that facilitate access to banking services in underserved regions, provide financial literacy programs, and create specialised loan products for small businesses and startups. Digital financial solutions, such as mobile banking and micro-finance, can further bridge gaps in economic participation.
• Capacity Development Through Technical Training and Governance Improvements: Governments should invest in capacity-building initiatives that enhance technical expertise, improve governance structures, and facilitate international collaboration. Strengthening institutional frameworks through skill development programs, leadership training, and policy advisory networks can enhance long-term administrative efficiency and economic planning.
• Investing in Education and Workforce Development for Sustainability: Prioritizing education and workforce development is essential for long-term economic stability. Governments must expand access to quality education, improve STEM-focused learning initiatives, and integrate skill-building programs that align with labor market demands. Strong education systems ensure future generations can adapt to evolving economic trends and contribute meaningfully to national progress.

• Strengthening Industrial Policies for Competitive Economic Growth: Governments should implement targeted industrial strategies that enhance domestic production capabilities, encourage investment in high-value manufacturing, and streamline supply chain networks to support trade expansion. Strengthening sector-specific policies, such as incentives for technology-driven industries, will improve global competitiveness.
• Fostering Innovation in Production Capabilities: Public and private sector collaborations should focus on research and development (R&D) investments, promoting automation in manufacturing, and incentivising technological innovation through tax benefits. Expanding industry-led training programs will equip workers with advanced technical skills, ensuring sustainable productivity growth.
• Improving Trade Logistics for Developing Economies: Infrastructure investments should prioritise modernising ports, expanding efficient transportation networks, and integrating smart trade solutions to reduce costs and improve export efficiency. Governments should collaborate with logistics firms to standardise customs procedures and enhance digital tracking systems for streamlined trade operations.
• Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships for Export-Led Growth: Governments must foster partnerships with private firms to develop trade financing programs, establish export promotion agencies, and incentivise companies to participate in global supply chains. Creating international trade fairs and business matching platforms will expand market access for small businesses and emerging exporters.
• Emphasising Sustainable Debt Management Policies: Fiscal policies should enforce responsible borrowing practices, ensuring that public debt remains manageable while funding critical economic projects. Establishing transparent debt reporting mechanisms and promoting financial literacy programs for policymakers will enhance debt sustainability.
• Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for Economic Expansion: Governments should offer investment-friendly policies, including tax incentives, reduced bureaucratic barriers, and improved investor protections to attract stable foreign capital. Strengthening investment promotion agencies will ensure long-term confidence in market opportunities.
• Improving Financial Infrastructure to Attract Long-Term Capital: Developing economies must modernise financial institutions, expand access to credit for businesses, and implement secure digital payment systems to facilitate trade and investment. Strengthening financial governance will improve investor confidence and long-term economic stability.
• Strengthening Trade Agreements to Enhance Economic Opportunities: Negotiating fair trade agreements that protect local industries while ensuring export expansion will provide balanced market access. Governments should establish regional trade alliances, reducing tariff barriers and streamlining customs regulations to boost economic cooperation.
• Strengthening Industrial Innovation & Environmental Sustainability Infrastructure: Integrating green technologies into industrial operations will enhance efficiency while reducing environmental impact. Governments should invest in renewable energy projects, enforce sustainable resource management policies, and support enterprises transitioning to low-carbon business models.
• Expanding Access to Sustainable Financing for Capacity Building: Financial institutions must develop green bonds, climate-focused investment programs, and concessional funding mechanisms to support businesses adopting sustainable practices. Expanding affordable credit access for eco-friendly enterprises will accelerate sustainable growth.
• Supporting Cross-Sector Partnerships to Drive Sustainable Development: Governments must facilitate collaborative development programs, encouraging industries, financial institutions, and research centres to work together on economic sustainability initiatives. Strengthening inclusive policy dialogues will ensure long-term resilience in global economic participation.

• Fair Trade and Sustainable Market Access: Governments should negotiate preferential trade agreements that reduce or eliminate tariffs and non-tariff barriers for goods originating from LDCs, enabling these economies to integrate into global value chains more effectively. Establish special economic zones with simplified customs procedures and access to export credit guarantees. Strengthen policies that support sustainable supply chain certification—such as fair trade labelling, carbon footprint tracking, and traceability—so that trade expansion does not come at the expense of ethical or environmental standards.
• Ethical Investment and Financial Aid Governance: Create national and multilateral investment guidelines requiring adherence to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria for all foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing nations. Ensure development finance institutions conduct independent social impact assessments and include community participation mechanisms in project design. Establish transparent aid tracking systems that publicly disclose disbursements, performance benchmarks, and grievance mechanisms to hold implementing agencies accountable.
• Climate Finance for Resilient Development: Scale up contributions to the Green Climate Fund and adapt national climate budgets to prioritise grants for adaptation efforts in vulnerable economies, especially small island developing states (SIDS) and African LDCs. Promote blended finance models that de-risk private sector investment in renewable energy, climate-resilient agriculture, and nature-based solutions. Strengthen access to concessional finance by simplifying eligibility criteria and building grant-writing capacity in climate-affected countries.
• Capacity Building and Knowledge-Sharing Initiatives: Increase funding for technical assistance programs that help developing nations build institutional capacity in governance, infrastructure, and economic planning. Establish digital and regional platforms for peer-to-peer learning between policymakers, civil society actors, and academic institutions. Incentivise public-private partnerships to develop modular, open-access curricula in sustainability education—particularly for youth and women in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields.
• Technology Transfer and Research Empowerment: Negotiate technology-sharing agreements under the World Trade Organisation’s Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) flexibilities to facilitate access to green, medical, and agricultural innovations. Support collaborative research hubs that connect universities in LDCs with international innovation centres. Provide seed funding for local research teams working on community-led solutions in public health, disaster resilience, and digital inclusion, enabling bottom-up development pathways.

• Expanding Trade Assistance and Market Access for Recovery: International organisations should provide technical trade support—including customs modernisation, export promotion services, and trade facilitation training—for LDCs emerging from conflict. Support preferential trade agreements and remove non-tariff barriers to enable post-conflict economies to re-enter global markets. Establish regional trade hubs and transport corridors to connect producers with international buyers, while streamlining border procedures to boost competitiveness.
• Strengthening Legal Protections for Fair and Ethical Trade: Assist governments in drafting and enforcing trade laws that guarantee labour rights, environmental standards, and consumer protections throughout the supply chain. Develop trade monitoring mechanisms to prevent unfair pricing, exploitative contracts, or resource extraction without consent. Embed inclusive stakeholder consultation into trade policy to ensure that women, Indigenous peoples, and small producers benefit from fair market integration.
• Providing Targeted Financial Recovery and Investment Support: International financial institutions (IFIs) should deploy recovery assistance tailored to local economic conditions such as concessional loans for SMEs, guarantees for agri-processing infrastructure, or bridge funding for exports. Facilitate responsible investment by screening projects for environmental and social risks, and prioritising capital inflows that create local jobs, support green technologies, and stimulate domestic industries.
• Supporting Post-Conflict Financial Stabilization Measures: Strengthen central bank independence, public financial management systems, and macroeconomic forecasting capabilities through embedded expert support and digital infrastructure investment. IFIs should help establish fiscal stabilisation funds and emergency budget mechanisms to address post-crisis volatility and protect essential public spending. Transparent debt restructuring and prudent borrowing frameworks are crucial to long-term solvency.
• Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Resilient Development: Prioritise rebuilding administrative capacity in key areas such as customs, tax, environmental management, and justice systems. Support decentralised governance models that empower local institutions and civil servants to manage resources, deliver services, and coordinate with external partners. Build institutional resilience through leadership training, succession planning, and investment in data systems for evidence-based policy.
• Advancing Sustainability Through Capacity Development: Align development programming with both economic recovery and environmental goals by integrating climate resilience into infrastructure design, land-use planning, and energy policy. Support vocational training, education reform, and workforce development to match evolving green and digital economies. Institutionalise long-term planning through national development strategies that embed sustainability metrics and social equity.
• Reinforcing Humanitarian-Development Nexus for Lasting Resilience: Foster integrated humanitarian/development/peace-building (HDP) frameworks that link emergency response with long-term recovery. Transition from short-term aid delivery to local systems strengthening by investing in national NGOs, community governance, and inclusive service delivery. Promote joint assessments, pooled funding, and conflict-sensitive programming to build coherence across humanitarian and development actors.

10.b.1 - Total resource flows for development, by recipient and donor countries and type of flow (e.g. official development assistance, foreign direct investment and other flows).

• Transparent Investment Regulations and Bureaucratic Efficiency: Governments should implement clear and transparent investment regulations to attract responsible foreign direct investment. Streamlining bureaucratic procedures can reduce administrative burdens for investors, fostering a more business-friendly environment. Offering tax incentives and reducing unnecessary regulatory hurdles can further encourage sustainable and ethical investments.
• Strengthening Investor Protections for Economic Confidence: Ensuring strong investor protections is key to maintaining economic stability and trust in financial markets. Governments should enforce legal frameworks that safeguard investments, prevent fraudulent financial practices, and establish dispute resolution mechanisms for investors. Strengthening oversight institutions and anti-corruption measures can further improve investment security.
• Infrastructure Financing and Public-Private Partnerships: Governments must prioritise infrastructure financing to support long-term economic development. Improving regulatory efficiency and simplifying investment approval processes can attract private sector participation in large-scale infrastructure projects. Public-private partnerships can play a vital role in financing essential developments such as transportation, housing, and industrial zones.
• Strengthening Transportation and Energy Systems for Economic Resilience: Robust transportation and energy networks are fundamental to economic growth. Governments should invest in modernising roads, ports, rail systems, and renewable energy solutions to enhance efficiency and connectivity. Expanding access to reliable energy sources can support industrial productivity and attract investment in manufacturing and digital economies.
• Regional Alliances and Investment Coordination: Strengthening regional alliances allows governments to align investment priorities, share financial resources, and negotiate better economic agreements. Enhanced coordination on trade policies, tax systems, and infrastructure funding across neighbouring economies can create a more stable regional financial environment. Joint investment programs can maximise economic benefits for all participating nations.
• Diplomatic Engagement for Development Partnerships: Expanding diplomatic efforts can secure development partnerships with international organisations and foreign governments. Governments should prioritise trade negotiations, investment treaties, and financial cooperation initiatives to ensure equitable economic opportunities. Establishing strategic alliances with global financial institutions can further increase access to development funding.
• Institutional Capacity Building for International Financial Support: Governments should focus on strengthening institutional capacity to effectively manage financial support from international partners. Investing in policy expertise, financial governance training, and data-driven decision-making processes can improve the efficiency of aid allocation and economic development strategies. Institutional reforms that enhance transparency and accountability will build investor confidence in public financial management.

• Expanding Infrastructure Development Opportunities to Strengthen FDI Inflows: Governments should invest in modern transportation networks, energy grids, and digital connectivity to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). Establishing special economic zones (SEZs) with streamlined regulations and incentives can further encourage multinational companies to establish operations. Ensuring transparent procurement processes and robust regulatory frameworks will enhance investor confidence.
• Ensuring Stable Investment Policies for Long-Term Growth: Governments must maintain predictable tax regimes, legal protections for investors, and macroeconomic stability to sustain FDI inflows. Establishing risk mitigation strategies, such as investment insurance mechanisms and arbitration procedures, will reassure investors and prevent market volatility from deterring capital flows.
• Enhancing Public-Private Partnerships for Economic Expansion: Encouraging collaboration between governments and private enterprises in large-scale infrastructure projects will optimise resource allocation and improve operational efficiency. Establishing joint ventures in technology-driven sectors and offering financial incentives for corporate participation will boost sustainable growth and economic resilience.
• Prioritising Industries for Long-Term Economic Diversification: Governments should focus on high-growth sectors, such as renewable energy, advanced manufacturing, and knowledge-based industries, to reduce dependence on volatile markets. Supporting innovation hubs, start-up incubators, and research-driven industries will drive diversified economic expansion.
• Expanding Digital Infrastructure for Global Competitiveness: Investing in broadband expansion, 5G technology, and AI-driven economic services will strengthen digital integration and attract tech-based FDI. Strengthening cybersecurity measures and data privacy regulations will improve trust in digital investments.
• Improving Urban Development Planning for Smart Cities: Governments should implement integrated urban development strategies, including green building initiatives, efficient public transit systems, and smart energy grids to enhance urban resilience. Ensuring sustainable land use policies and affordable housing development will improve liveability and economic productivity.
• Enhancing Cross-Border Trade Connectivity: Optimising customs procedures, strengthening transport corridors, and streamlining regulatory harmonisation will facilitate cross-border economic activity. Expanding multilateral trade agreements will promote seamless commerce between regions, improving competitive advantages.
• Investing in Smart Infrastructure Aligned With Sustainability Goals: Governments must prioritise climate-resilient infrastructure, incorporating renewable energy systems, sustainable water management, and eco-friendly logistics hubs. Developing circular economy models that reduce waste and optimise resource efficiency will ensure long-term environmental sustainability.
• Expanding Trade Agreements for Strengthened Global Partnerships: Negotiating bilateral and multilateral trade pacts that support emerging markets, reduce tariff barriers, and enhance investment security will foster economic cooperation. Strengthening diplomatic efforts to diversify export destinations will mitigate trade risks and ensure balanced global market participation.
• Fostering Research & Technology Collaboration: Encouraging cross-sector innovation partnerships, including academia-industry collaborations and joint R&D investments, will drive technological advancements. Governments should establish tech transfer programs to facilitate knowledge exchange across borders.
• Improving Infrastructure Investment Strategies: Policymakers must develop long-term financing mechanisms, including green bonds, sovereign wealth funds, and PPP financing models, to support infrastructure resilience. Strengthening data-driven investment planning will optimise capital allocation and ensure strategic infrastructure expansion.
• Prioritising Sustainability-Focused Joint Initiatives: Governments must engage in climate-resilient trade programs, eco-friendly industrial projects, and renewable energy sector partnerships to promote sustainable development. Ensuring regulatory alignment with global environmental standards will enhance credibility in sustainability-driven economic policies.

• Promoting Ethical Investment and Responsible Corporate Governance: Policymakers should establish legal standards mandating Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) compliance for both domestic and international investors. This includes requiring due diligence assessments on human rights and environmental impact, publishing sustainability disclosures, and penalising non-compliance. National investment authorities should introduce rating systems for corporate social responsibility performance and embed ethics clauses in investment licensing and approval processes.
• Enhancing International Investment Agreements for Sustainability: Revise international investment treaties to include enforceable commitments on labour protections, climate safeguards, and equitable benefit-sharing with host communities. Introduce mandatory impact assessments and transparent arbitration mechanisms to resolve disputes between investors and states. Ensure these agreements reflect the needs and voices of developing economies, including provisions for policy flexibility to support national development priorities.
• Supporting Sustainable Financial Flows to Developing Economies: Governments and financial institutions must direct more concessional financing and blended finance options toward sectors like renewable energy, health, and education in low-income countries. Set up public investment guarantees to attract ethical private capital, and channel funds through locally accountable development banks. Create outcome-linked financial instruments—such as sustainability bonds—that align capital flows with long-term socio-economic targets.
• International Infrastructure Investment and Technology Transfer: Scale up infrastructure aid that prioritises low-carbon, inclusive, and climate-resilient projects, particularly in transport, water, and energy sectors. Establish global partnerships that facilitate the transfer of appropriate, context-specific technology to LDCs by leveraging open-source knowledge and offering incentives to companies sharing green innovations. Link infrastructure funding to local capacity-building, maintenance training, and domestic supply chain participation.
• Building Climate Resilience in Infrastructure Projects: Integrate climate risk assessments into all stages of infrastructure planning, requiring proof of resilience measures—such as flood-resistant designs, renewable energy integration, and biodiversity preservation—as preconditions for funding approval. Collaborate with climate modelling experts and community stakeholders to ensure projects address both immediate and long-term vulnerabilities. Require infrastructure reporting on adaptation performance as part of global climate finance accountability.
• Advancing Fair and Transparent International Financing Mechanisms: Support reforms in global financial institutions to ensure fairer access to development finance for LDCs, including revising voting structures and funding allocations. Build mechanisms for participatory budgeting and project co-design involving civil society, local governments, and private actors. Strengthen oversight bodies and public databases that track international financial flows, investment impacts, and contractual transparency to minimise corruption and ensure mutual accountability.

• Catalysing Post-Conflict Recovery Through Investment Incentives: International organisations should establish dedicated recovery investment facilities that pool public and private capital for infrastructure, SMEs, and job creation in post-conflict zones. To de-risk these investments, institutions can offer political risk insurance, loan guarantees, and blended finance arrangements especially for sectors like agriculture, housing, and green energy. Investment pipelines should be locally co-designed to reflect recovery priorities and avoid elite capture or extractive practices.
• Strengthening Legal Frameworks for Secure Investment Environments: Support governments in reforming commercial, property, and contract law to attract sustainable investment while safeguarding community rights. Develop independent dispute resolution bodies and investment ombudsman offices to resolve grievances fairly and transparently. Legal frameworks must also enshrine protections against land dispossession, forced evictions, and labour rights violations—particularly in fragile post-conflict zones.
• Rebuilding Infrastructure and Access to Essential Services: Coordinate donor and government financing toward the reconstruction of key public infrastructure, such as power grids, water systems, healthcare centres, and transport networks, prioritised for displaced and conflict-affected communities. Fast-track social infrastructure delivery using labour-intensive approaches that generate local employment and build community ownership. Promote green and resilient design standards to future-proof investments against environmental and geopolitical shocks.
• Supporting Regional Stability Through Targeted Economic Investment: Facilitate regional development compacts between neighbouring countries and development banks to invest in shared infrastructure such as cross-border transport, digital corridors, and trade facilities. These initiatives should integrate conflict-sensitivity principles and foster economic interdependence that reduces the risk of future conflict. Regional integration can be enhanced by harmonising customs, taxation, and regulatory frameworks.
• Advancing Governance for Strategic Infrastructure Planning: Provide technical assistance to ministries of planning, finance, and infrastructure to build long-term infrastructure strategies that align with national development goals and fiscal realities. Strengthen public procurement transparency, project evaluation systems, and multi-stakeholder oversight bodies. Local governments should be empowered with budgetary and planning authority, supported by decentralised technical capacity and inclusive participatory processes.
• Facilitating Recovery-Oriented Partnerships and Economic Stability: Forge coalitions of governments, donors, civil society, and private investors under shared recovery frameworks that pool expertise and resources. Establish coordination platforms that track aid effectiveness, prevent duplication, and align programming with stabilisation goals. Economic stability should be reinforced through policy reforms on inflation control, revenue mobilisation, and budget prioritisation for inclusive growth sectors.
• Enhancing Peace-building and Sustainable Recovery: Integrate peace-building objectives across all recovery programming by addressing root causes of conflict—such as exclusion, inequality, and injustice. Support truth and reconciliation processes, land restitution mechanisms, and conflict-sensitive development tools. Embed social cohesion training, dialogue platforms, and trauma healing services into economic and infrastructure interventions to ensure recovery builds durable peace.

10.c.1 - Remittance costs as a proportion of the amount remitted.

• Strengthening Financial Inclusion Policies: Governments should establish robust financial inclusion policies to ensure equitable access to banking services for all communities. These policies should focus on reducing barriers to financial entry, expanding financial assistance programs, and incentivising banks to provide accessible digital financial solutions for marginalised groups.
• Expanding Digital Payment Services and Mobile Banking: Investing in digital payment infrastructure can streamline financial transactions and improve accessibility, particularly for remote and underserved populations. Governments should support mobile banking expansion, promote the use of electronic payment platforms, and collaborate with financial institutions to lower international transaction fees, making remittance transfers more affordable.
• Improving Banking Access for Migrants: Providing inclusive financial services for migrants ensures economic participation and security. Governments should work with financial institutions to establish accessible banking programs, enable digital identity verification for account registration, and create specialised remittance services that cater to migrant needs.
• Promoting Financial Literacy Programs: Financial literacy initiatives can empower individuals with the knowledge needed to manage savings, investments, and credit responsibly. Governments should integrate financial education into school curricula, launch community-based workshops, and provide accessible online resources to equip citizens with essential financial skills.
• Strengthening Digital Banking Infrastructure for Migrant Financial Inclusion: Modernising digital banking infrastructure can enhance accessibility for migrant communities. Expanding secure online banking platforms, enabling multilingual financial services, and offering mobile-first banking solutions can support migrants in managing their finances efficiently, regardless of their geographic location.
• Expanding Banking Access for Remittance Recipients: Governments must focus on improving financial access for remittance recipients by creating simplified banking procedures, reducing fees for incoming funds, and supporting secure digital payment platforms. Streamlining remittance processes ensures that recipients can efficiently use and invest received funds.
• Promoting Investment Opportunities in Local Enterprises: Encouraging investment in local businesses strengthens economic sustainability. Governments should develop loan programs for small enterprises, establish cooperative funding models, and create incentives for remittance recipients to invest in productive local ventures, fostering long-term financial stability.
• Expanding Digital Financial Services to Rural and Underserved Communities: Ensuring digital financial inclusion in rural and underserved areas requires targeted investment in infrastructure. Governments should collaborate with fintech companies to introduce mobile banking services, expand internet connectivity, and promote financial technology solutions tailored to local economic conditions.

• Expanding Financial Infrastructure for Efficient Transactions: Governments must invest in modernised banking networks, digital payment gateways, and interoperable financial platforms to ensure seamless money transfers. Encouraging regional financial integration will allow smoother cross-border transactions, particularly for migrant communities.
• Ensuring Transparent Pricing for Remittance Services: Regulatory bodies should enforce clear cost disclosure laws, requiring financial service providers to present all transaction fees upfront. Establishing consumer protection agencies to monitor remittance pricing and prevent excessive charges will improve affordability and trust.
• Encouraging Private-Sector Competition to Lower Transaction Costs: Policies should remove entry barriers for fintech start-ups, incentivising innovation in affordable remittance solutions. Expanding public-private collaborations to develop streamlined financial services will enhance accessibility for lower-income populations and reduce costs.
• Supporting Cross-Border Financial Integration for Seamless Fund Transfers: Governments should implement universal digital banking protocols, ensuring secure and quick international transactions. Strengthening financial interoperability agreements between countries will allow migrant workers to send funds without excessive intermediaries.
• Reducing Banking Fees & Improving Migrant Financial Rights: Banking policies must focus on fee standardisation, fair exchange rate transparency, and non-discriminatory financial practices for migrants. Establishing mobile banking alternatives and low-cost remittance corridors will improve financial access for underserved groups.
• Expanding Mobile Money Services for Secure Transactions: Developing mobile-based financial services, including digital wallets, SMS banking, and blockchain-driven secure payments, will facilitate safe and efficient money transfers. Governments should incentivise financial institutions to expand mobile outreach programs targeting migrant workers.
• Strengthening Regional Financial Cooperation for Increased Accessibility: Implementing standardised financial agreements across borders will enable consistent remittance processes. Governments must collaborate on financial inclusion initiatives, ensuring low-cost and secure digital banking for all migrants.
• Integrating Remittances Into Formal Financial Systems: Regulatory agencies should require banks and financial institutions to recognise remittance income for credit eligibility. Expanding inclusive banking policies, including loan accessibility based on remittance flows, will improve economic opportunities for migrants.
• Improving Affordable Transaction Methods for Economic Inclusion: Governments should endorse zero-cost digital remittance transfers for low-income groups and subsidised banking programs to minimise barriers to financial participation. Encouraging international collaboration on digital payment infrastructure will ensure cost-effective solutions.
• Encouraging Migrants to Invest in Sustainable Projects: Policymakers should launch remittance-based investment programs, allowing migrants to contribute to renewable energy, housing development, and local business ventures in their home countries. Financial literacy programs should educate remittance senders on sustainable economic planning.
• Supporting Remittance-Backed Entrepreneurship Initiatives: Governments must incentivise migrant-driven start-ups, providing low-interest business loans, investment matching programs, and mentorship opportunities. Strengthening financial mechanisms that allow migrants to fund enterprises with remittance capital will enhance economic growth and independence.

• Regulating Transaction Fees and Promoting Fair Remittance Practices: Governments should establish legal caps on remittance transaction fees and mandate transparency in foreign exchange rate margins. Financial regulators must enforce consumer protection laws that prohibit hidden charges and deceptive advertising by money transfer operators. Incentivise financial institutions—through tax credits or subsidies—to provide zero or low-cost remittance channels, especially for corridors used by low-income migrant workers.
• Advancing Diplomatic and Multilateral Financial Cooperation: Bilateral and regional agreements should be forged to harmonise remittance regulations, streamline compliance procedures, and remove redundant licensing barriers. Governments can collaborate through platforms like the G20 or UN-based initiatives to standardise reporting, share best practices, and facilitate the development of interoperable cross-border payment systems that support financial inclusion objectives.
• Fair Banking Access and Simplified Registration for Migrants: Update national banking regulations to ensure migrants. regardless of documentation status, have the right to open basic accounts using alternate forms of identification (e.g., consular IDs or digital IDs). Simplify know-your-customer (KYC) procedures using risk-based frameworks that balance inclusion and security. Design multilingual, culturally competent onboarding services at banks and financial institutions to ease account setup and usage.
• Migrant-Focused Financial Services and Education: Encourage banks to offer specialised financial products tailored to migrant needs, such as international savings accounts, bundled remittance-insurance packages, or mobile wallets linked to family back home. Partner with civil society and community organisations to deliver financial literacy workshops on budgeting, remittance options, and consumer rights. Invest in mobile and online platforms that make financial education content accessible in migrants' native languages.
• Strengthening Global Remittance Infrastructure and Policy Alignment: Promote partnerships between banks, money transfer operators, and fintech firms to create faster, safer, and cheaper remittance pathways. Governments should invest in national payment infrastructure that enables instant, low-cost transfers—including via mobile systems and public digital wallets. Align domestic policy with global goals such as the UN SDG target of reducing remittance costs to below 3%, reinforcing policy accountability.

• Enabling Secure and Accessible Financial Transfer Systems: International organisations should partner with governments and financial service providers to create interoperable, low-cost remittance systems tailored for displaced and migrant populations. These systems must be mobile-compatible, multilingual, and compliant with anti-fraud and privacy standards. Facilitating international agreements to reduce remittance transaction costs and streamline cross-border transfers especially between humanitarian corridors is vital for maximising impact and financial security.
• Deploying Emergency Remittance and Financial Services for Displaced Populations: Launch rapid-response financial assistance programs that provide displaced families with emergency cash transfers, prepaid cards, or digital vouchers integrated into humanitarian aid platforms. International bodies should support the establishment of temporary financial service centres in camps or host communities, offering tailored support such as identification reissuance, currency exchange, and migrant-targeted savings services.
• Advancing Legal Protections for Migrant Financial Rights: Assist host and origin countries in enacting and enforcing legislation that safeguards migrant financial rights—such as equal access to banking, protection from financial discrimination, and legal recourse against fraud or confiscation. Partner with legal aid groups to raise awareness among migrants about their financial rights and facilitate access to legal redress in the event of exploitation by intermediaries or institutions.
• Expanding Digital Financial Solutions Within Humanitarian Aid: Embed digital banking tools into aid delivery, such as mobile money accounts and e-wallets, to reduce dependency on cash and improve efficiency, tracking, and user agency. Prioritise digital inclusion efforts for groups facing barriers such as low digital literacy, language differences, or lack of smartphone access. Train humanitarian staff and financial providers on conflict-sensitive, inclusive approaches to technology deployment.
• Establishing Investment Frameworks to Leverage Remittances for Recovery: Support the creation of diaspora investment initiatives and remittance-matching programs that channel funds into post-conflict development such as infrastructure, local entrepreneurship, and community rehabilitation. Develop secure savings and investment vehicles that allow displaced populations to contribute to rebuilding efforts while growing their own financial resilience. Transparent governance and local participation should guide all remittance-linked investment mechanisms.
• Building Financial Stability Programs for Long-Term Development: Coordinate the development of migrant-inclusive financial literacy campaigns, savings incentives, and credit-building programs that help displaced individuals plan for future mobility, resettlement, or return. Partner with central banks and regional financial institutions to incorporate refugees and migrants into broader economic planning and social protection strategies, reinforcing their role as contributors, not dependents, in long-term recovery.