Current Country Status and Key Initiatives to Support SDG 3 Targets

3.2.1 - Under-five mortality rate.

3.2.2 - Neonatal mortality rate.

• Expanding Neonatal Intensive Care Units and Training Healthcare Workers: Governments and health institutions should invest in the expansion of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) to ensure that premature and critically ill newborns receive specialised care. This includes equipping facilities with modern medical technology, hiring additional neonatal specialists, and establishing training programs for midwives and healthcare workers in essential newborn care practices, such as neonatal resuscitation and infection management.

• Deploying Mobile Healthcare Units to Serve Remote Areas: To bridge the gap in healthcare accessibility, mobile healthcare units should be deployed to provide neonatal and maternal care in underserved regions. These units must be equipped with essential diagnostic tools, emergency care supplies, and trained personnel who can offer both preventive and emergency services. Coordination with local healthcare providers is essential for sustained operations.

• Strengthening Vaccine Distribution Networks and Cold-Chain Infrastructure: Governments should enhance logistics for vaccine distribution by investing in cold-chain infrastructure, including refrigerated storage and transport systems, to ensure vaccines reach all children without degradation. Regional distribution hubs should be established, and supply chain efficiency should be optimised to prevent vaccine shortages. Partnerships with international health organisations can provide technical support and funding for infrastructure improvements.

• Training Community Health Workers for Immunisation Outreach: Local health departments should implement specialised training programs for community health workers to improve outreach and immunisation coverage. These workers should be equipped with educational materials, mobile vaccination kits, and data collection tools to track immunisation rates. Door-to-door campaigns and public awareness initiatives can further boost vaccination uptake among families.

• Expanding Food Supplementation Programs and Promoting Breastfeeding Education: Governments and NGOs should collaborate to expand food supplementation programs targeting pregnant women and infants in low-income communities. Nutrient-rich food distribution should be integrated into maternal health services to ensure adequate nourishment during pregnancy and infancy. Simultaneously, breastfeeding awareness campaigns should be conducted through community workshops, hospital programs, and media platforms to promote its benefits for newborn development.

• Strengthening Healthcare Facilities for Nutrition Counselling and Lactation Support: Healthcare centres should be upgraded to include specialised maternal nutrition counselling and lactation support services. Trained nutritionists and lactation consultants should be available to guide mothers on optimal dietary choices and breastfeeding techniques. Creating designated breastfeeding-friendly areas in hospitals and community centres can further encourage sustained breastfeeding practices.

• Enhancing Newborn Screening & Neonatal Care Facilities: Governments and healthcare institutions must expand newborn screening programs to ensure early detection of genetic, metabolic, and developmental conditions in infants. This includes providing universal access to screenings in hospitals and rural clinics. Simultaneously, neonatal care facilities should be upgraded with state-of-the-art equipment, specialised neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), and trained healthcare professionals to manage complex infant health conditions.

• Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships for Neonatal Healthcare Infrastructure: Collaborative efforts between public health agencies and private sector stakeholders should be fostered to improve neonatal healthcare systems. These partnerships can support funding for advanced neonatal medical equipment, expansion of neonatal wards, and capacity-building programs for healthcare workers specialising in neonatal care.

• Expanding Public Awareness Campaigns Against Vaccine Hesitancy & Misinformation: Large-scale educational initiatives must be launched to combat misinformation regarding childhood vaccinations. Governments and health organisations should leverage social media, community outreach, and educational seminars to provide accurate vaccine information, dispel myths, and highlight the benefits of immunisation in preventing life-threatening diseases.

• Investing in School-Based Vaccination Programs: Authorities must integrate vaccination initiatives within schools to increase immunisation coverage among children. This involves setting up mobile vaccination units, conducting regular immunisation drives, and implementing digital tracking systems to ensure timely follow-ups for booster doses. Additionally, parental engagement programs should be introduced to encourage participation in school-based immunisation efforts.

• Implementing Workplace Policies to Support Breastfeeding: Governments and businesses should establish workplace regulations that facilitate breastfeeding, including paid maternity leave policies, designated breastfeeding areas, and flexible work arrangements for nursing mothers. Employers can also provide lactation support programs to ensure a supportive environment for breastfeeding employees.

• Integrating Nutrition Awareness into National Health Campaigns: Governments must incorporate nutrition education into broader public health initiatives to promote better dietary habits. Nationwide campaigns should emphasise maternal and infant nutrition, highlight the importance of balanced diets, and provide accessible nutritional counselling services. These efforts should be tailored to address malnutrition and diet-related health disparities in vulnerable populations.

• Neonatal Innovation & Advanced Prematurity Care: Establish dedicated national funds and partnerships with biotech firms to accelerate the development of neonatal innovations, such as artificial womb systems, precision diagnostics for neonatal infections, and low-cost incubator technologies adapted for low-resource settings. Collaborate with leading paediatric hospitals and universities to pilot life-saving interventions for premature infants, with a focus on scalability and cross-border knowledge sharing.

• Enhanced Parental Leave & Postpartum Policy Reforms: Strengthen labour laws to guarantee extended, paid parental leave for all caregivers, with flexible options for gradual return-to-work schedules. Introduce incentives for employers to adopt family-friendly workplace policies and invest in postpartum support infrastructure, including publicly funded home visit programs, community lactation consultants, and postpartum mental health screening in primary care.

• Vaccine Innovation for Emerging Infectious Diseases: Prioritise government-sponsored research into next-generation vaccines—such as mRNA platforms and thermostable formulations—by boosting investments in national immunology institutes and public-private research coalitions. Establish rapid response frameworks to fund and trial vaccines in real time during outbreaks, with streamlined regulatory pathways and equitable manufacturing partnerships.

• Equitable Vaccine Access for Marginalised Populations: Enact inclusive immunisation strategies that involve mobile vaccine units, multilingual education campaigns, and collaboration with trusted community leaders. Policies should ensure universal coverage through free vaccine programs and improved access to health IDs and transportation for undocumented and immigrant families.

• Infant Nutrition Research & Evidence-Based Guidelines: Fund longitudinal studies on early childhood nutrition, with an emphasis on culturally appropriate dietary practices, responsive feeding, and the gut microbiome’s role in development. Use this data to regularly update national dietary guidelines and create accessible resources for caregivers, including mobile nutrition helplines and region-specific meal plans for infants and toddlers.

• Food Affordability & Parental Support Expansion: Launch subsidy programs that reduce the cost of essential infant foods—such as formula, fortified cereals, and fresh produce—for families below the poverty line. Enhance parental support networks by integrating nutritional counselling and food voucher programs into existing maternal and child health services, and building partnerships with local food banks and agricultural cooperatives.

• Emergency Neonatal and Maternal Health Deployment in Crisis Contexts: Mobilise specialised neonatal healthcare teams and establish emergency maternal-infant care centres within refugee settlements and conflict-affected areas. These units should be equipped with incubators, essential newborn care kits, skilled neonatal nurses, and culturally informed birth support services. Priority should be placed on immediate postpartum care and early detection of neonatal complications to reduce preventable infant deaths during displacement.

• Integrated Mobile Immunisation Outreach: Establish mobile vaccination campaigns in coordination with international health agencies to deliver essential immunisations, such as measles, polio, and tetanus, among displaced populations. Mobile units should be staffed with multilingual health professionals and supported with digital health records to ensure full immunisation coverage and prevent infectious disease outbreaks in densely populated camps or informal settlements.

• Targeted Emergency Nutrition Support for Mothers and Children: Launch rapid nutrition response programs that distribute fortified food rations, micronutrient supplements, and clean water for pregnant women, lactating mothers, and young children. Breastfeeding support stations should be established to provide lactation counselling and safe environments for infant feeding. These nutrition hubs must be integrated with maternal health services to provide a holistic approach to combating malnutrition.

• Global Coordination for Life-Saving Infant Interventions: Forge partnerships among global humanitarian organisations, donor agencies, and national health ministries to prioritise newborn survival in humanitarian aid strategies. This should include dedicated neonatal funding, procurement of life-saving interventions like chlorhexidine for umbilical care, and support for midwives and birth attendants trained in emergency neonatal resuscitation and care protocols.

3.3.1 - Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key populations.

3.3.2 - Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population.

3.3.3 - Malaria incidence per 1,000 population.

3.3.4 - Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000 population.

3.3.5 - Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases.

• Strengthening Vaccine Distribution Networks and Hygiene Education: Governments should enhance vaccine delivery systems by improving cold-chain logistics and expanding immunisation centres, ensuring timely and equitable access to vaccines, especially in rural and underserved areas. Community outreach programs should be mobilised to educate the public on hygiene best practices, emphasising hand-washing, sanitation, and disease prevention. Collaboration with schools, local organisations, and media platforms can maximise public engagement.

• Investing in Sanitation Infrastructure to Reduce Disease Transmission: To curb the spread of infectious diseases, governments must prioritise large-scale sanitation projects, including access to clean water, improved wastewater management, and the construction of hygienic public restrooms. Initiatives should focus on slum areas and informal settlements where poor sanitation exacerbates disease outbreaks. Infrastructure improvements should be complemented with public education campaigns promoting hygiene practices.

• Strengthening Diagnostic Laboratories and Expanding Mobile Testing Units: Healthcare institutions should receive funding to modernise diagnostic laboratories, ensuring they are well-equipped for rapid disease detection and response. Mobile testing units must be deployed to remote and high-risk communities, providing accessible screening for communicable diseases. These units should be staffed with trained professionals capable of conducting tests efficiently and ensuring timely diagnosis and treatment.

• Subsidising HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis Medications for Affordability: Governments must implement pharmaceutical subsidy programs to ensure that life-saving HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis medications remain financially accessible to vulnerable populations. Expanding public healthcare insurance programs and negotiating fair drug pricing with pharmaceutical companies can further reduce the economic burden on patients. Awareness campaigns should be conducted to inform affected communities of their healthcare entitlements.

• Investing in Healthcare Workforce Training and Expanding Disease Surveillance Systems: Expanding medical training programs is essential to equipping healthcare workers with the skills needed for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Governments should invest in up-skilling medical personnel, particularly in epidemic response strategies. Additionally, robust disease surveillance systems should be developed to track emerging health threats, utilising real-time data analytics to ensure proactive interventions before outbreaks escalate.

• Allocating International Funding for Epidemic Preparedness Initiatives: Governments and global health organisations must collaborate to establish long-term epidemic preparedness funds. Investments should focus on early detection technologies, emergency healthcare response teams, and stockpiles of essential medical supplies. Strengthening international coordination ensures rapid response capabilities during health crises, mitigating potential public health disasters.

• Implementing Public Awareness Campaigns to Address Vaccine Hesitancy & Encourage Routine Immunisation: Governments and health organisations should launch comprehensive outreach campaigns to build public trust in vaccinations and dispel misinformation. These efforts can include televised health segments, social media awareness drives, and community engagement programs with healthcare professionals to educate individuals on the benefits and safety of immunisation.

• Integrating Hygiene Initiatives into School Health Programs: Schools must incorporate hygiene education into their curricula to foster lifelong disease prevention habits among students. This includes regular hand-washing workshops, the installation of sanitation stations, and interactive lessons on personal and environmental hygiene. Teachers and school staff should be trained to reinforce these practices and instil healthy habits from an early age.

• Improving Public Awareness Campaigns to Reduce Stigma & Encourage Early Testing: National health ministries should develop targeted informational campaigns to combat stigma surrounding communicable and non-communicable diseases, ensuring individuals feel safe seeking medical attention early. Outreach programs can leverage testimonials, community ambassadors, and accessible public service announcements to normalise testing and encourage proactive healthcare decisions.

• Investing in Digital Health Technologies for Disease Tracking & Treatment Efficiency: Governments must prioritise funding for advanced digital healthcare systems, including electronic health records, AI-powered diagnostic tools, and mobile applications for patient monitoring. Strengthening digital platforms will enhance disease surveillance, facilitate early detection, and improve treatment coordination across healthcare networks.

• Strengthening National Healthcare Infrastructure with Digital Technologies for Epidemic Tracking: Public health agencies should deploy real-time epidemic tracking technologies, integrating artificial intelligence, geographic information systems (GIS), and predictive analytics to monitor disease outbreaks. Digital reporting systems should be linked to hospitals and clinics, allowing health professionals to rapidly respond to emerging health crises with precision.

• Enhancing Public Health Emergency Response Frameworks: Governments must fortify emergency preparedness strategies by developing standardised protocols for disease containment, improving coordination between national health agencies, and securing adequate resources for crisis response. Investments in rapid-response medical teams, stockpiling essential supplies, and refining emergency communication channels are critical to ensuring swift and effective action during health emergencies.

• R&D Acceleration for Vaccines Against Emerging Diseases: Establish strategic investment programs to scale up vaccine research targeting novel pathogens, leveraging cutting-edge platforms like mRNA, viral vectors, and nanoparticle-based delivery. Support innovation hubs within academic institutions and biotech sectors to fast-track vaccine development, conduct diverse clinical trials, and ensure global data sharing for pathogen surveillance.

• Equitable Access to Vaccines and Sanitation for Marginalised Populations: Enact inclusive policy frameworks that bundle vaccine distribution with sanitation infrastructure upgrades in underserved communities. This could include mobile vaccination units, community hygiene education campaigns, provision of clean water facilities, and partnerships with NGOs and local leaders to dismantle access barriers among migrant, refugee, and indigenous populations.

• Innovation in Diagnostic Technology Development: Invest in research grants and public-private consortia to develop cost-effective, portable diagnostic tools that deliver rapid results at the point of care. Focus areas should include multiplex testing for co-infections, saliva- or breath-based diagnostic platforms, and integration of AI for test accuracy in low-resource environments.

• Universal Testing & Treatment Access for Vulnerable Communities: Formulate equitable healthcare delivery strategies by expanding public funding for free testing programs, deploying multilingual health workers, and building community-based testing centres in marginalised urban and rural zones. Integrate diagnostics into social welfare outreach and remove documentation requirements that hinder access for migrant populations.

• Global Capacity Building for Epidemic Preparedness: Establish multilateral partnerships to support low-income countries through long-term investments in healthcare infrastructure, epidemic training programs, and scalable supply chains. Facilitate technical exchange missions, tele-health collaboration, and funding mechanisms for cross-border emergency preparedness and coordinated response efforts.

• Coordinated Expansion of Vaccine & Diagnostic Research: Create an international research fund to consolidate efforts across borders in the discovery, validation, and production of vaccines and diagnostics for emerging global threats. Encourage open-source platforms and shared intellectual property agreements to eliminate redundant research and promote equitable knowledge dissemination.

• Emergency Immunisation and Mobile Outreach Services: Deploy large-scale vaccination campaigns supported by mobile health units to deliver life-saving immunisations to displaced populations in camps, border regions, and conflict-affected zones. These campaigns should be integrated with digital health tracking systems and community mobilisers to ensure high coverage rates and prevent disease outbreaks such as cholera, measles, and hepatitis among vulnerable groups.

• Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Priority Interventions: Implement rapid WASH response programs that prioritise access to clean water, sanitation facilities, and hygiene supplies in crisis zones. This includes distributing hygiene kits, setting up emergency water purification systems, constructing gender-safe latrines, and launching hygiene education campaigns to reduce the spread of waterborne diseases and maintain health dignity for displaced populations.

• Early Disease Surveillance and Diagnostic Deployment: Equip emergency healthcare teams with portable diagnostic kits and rapid testing tools to enable early detection and treatment of infectious diseases in emergencies. These units should include outbreak alert teams trained in epidemiological surveillance and real-time data transmission to coordinate swift public health responses and prevent disease escalation.

• Reconstruction of Disease Control Infrastructure: Support long-term international aid strategies focused on rebuilding core healthcare infrastructure, including laboratory facilities, disease surveillance systems, and supply chains for medical logistics. This should be paired with capacity-building programs to train local health personnel and restore disease management capabilities post-crisis.

• Temporary Health Hubs for Epidemic Response: Establish strategically located temporary health centres and mobile clinics that function as epidemic control points in high-risk zones. These hubs should be adaptable to different levels of outbreak severity and serve as triage centres, isolation wards, and immunisation points, ensuring a coordinated public health defence against contagious disease spread.

• Health Security Frameworks for Displaced Populations: Develop a global health security agenda that prioritises displaced communities, incorporating pandemic preparedness, emergency response planning, and cross-border cooperation. This includes pre-positioning of supplies, coordinated regional response drills, and the institutionalisation of health emergency reserves to uphold public health resilience under sustained displacement conditions.

3.4.1 - Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease.

3.4.2 - Suicide mortality rate.

• Expanding Access to Nutritious Foods through Agricultural Development and Produce Subsidies: Governments should invest in agricultural programs that promote the cultivation of diverse, nutrient-rich crops while providing financial incentives for small-scale farmers to boost local food production. Subsidies for fresh produce can be introduced to reduce costs for low-income households, ensuring affordability. Strengthening food distribution networks and supporting farmer cooperatives can further enhance the availability of healthy food options in urban and rural areas.

• Implementing Smoking Cessation Programs and Tobacco Awareness Campaigns: Comprehensive smoking cessation programs should be developed, incorporating free counselling, nicotine replacement therapies, and public awareness initiatives that highlight the long-term health risks of tobacco use. Governments should enforce stricter tobacco regulations, including higher taxation on tobacco products, smoking bans in public spaces, and targeted educational campaigns in schools and workplaces to discourage smoking initiation.

• Expanding Mobile Health Units and Community-Based Screening Programs: To improve early diagnosis rates for chronic and infectious diseases, mobile health units should be deployed to underserved areas, equipped with essential diagnostic tools and staffed with trained professionals. These units should offer routine screenings for conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer, ensuring timely medical intervention. Community-based programs should collaborate with local health centres to provide free or low-cost diagnostic services and preventive health education.

• Subsidising Diagnostic Tests and Medications for Heart Disease, Cancer, and Diabetes: Governments should establish healthcare subsidy programs that cover essential diagnostic tests, treatments, and medications for prevalent chronic illnesses. Financial aid should be allocated to ensure affordability, particularly for economically vulnerable populations. Expanding insurance coverage for non-communicable diseases and negotiating fair drug pricing with pharmaceutical companies can further reduce healthcare costs for affected individuals.

• Expanding Access to Community-Based Mental Health Services and Healthcare Worker Training: Local healthcare systems should integrate mental health services into primary care centres, ensuring that psychological support is widely accessible. Governments should train healthcare workers in mental health intervention techniques, equipping them with skills to identify and manage early signs of mental health disorders. Strengthening collaborations with NGOs and advocacy groups can enhance outreach and destigmatize mental health treatment.

• Introducing Subsidised Counselling Programs for Affordability: Affordable mental health care should be prioritised through subsidised counselling programs, ensuring that individuals seeking psychological support are not deterred by financial constraints. Governments should partner with mental health organisations to establish free or low-cost therapy centres, incorporating tele-health options for remote accessibility. Public awareness initiatives should promote the importance of mental well-being and encourage seeking professional help without stigma.

• Enhancing Urban Planning for Exercise-Friendly Environments: Governments must prioritise the development of safe, accessible walking and cycling paths to promote physical activity in urban areas. This involves expanding green spaces, integrating pedestrian zones into city designs, and improving infrastructure for non-motorised transport. Public investment in well-maintained parks, secure biking lanes, and community fitness spaces will encourage active lifestyles and contribute to overall well-being.

• Integrating Nutritional Education into National Healthcare Policies: Health authorities should embed comprehensive nutritional education programs into healthcare systems to promote awareness of balanced diets and healthy eating habits. This includes mandatory nutrition training for healthcare providers, accessible dietary counselling services, and public campaigns that emphasise the importance of proper nutrition in disease prevention.

• Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure with Routine Screenings in Primary Care: Governments should ensure routine health screenings are incorporated into primary care services to enable early detection of chronic conditions. Expanding access to regular screenings for cardiovascular health, diabetes, and cancer prevention will improve long-term health outcomes. Primary care facilities must be equipped with trained personnel and modern diagnostic tools to facilitate these screenings effectively.

• Promoting Public Awareness Campaigns on Preventive Healthcare: Large-scale health initiatives should focus on educating communities about preventive healthcare, emphasising regular check-ups, vaccinations, and healthy lifestyle habits. Outreach efforts can leverage multimedia platforms, community health workshops, and social campaigns to engage diverse populations and encourage proactive healthcare behaviours.

• Strengthening Workplace Mental Health Policies & Integrating Mental Health Education: Employers should implement structured policies that support employee mental well-being, including mandatory stress management workshops, employee assistance programs, and flexible work arrangements to reduce burnout. Additionally, national healthcare strategies should incorporate mental health education programs to destigmatize psychological conditions and promote access to mental health resources.

• Expanding Psychological Support Services in Schools & Universities: Governments must increase investments in mental health counselling and psychological support initiatives within educational institutions. This includes establishing well-staffed counselling centres, integrating mental health awareness into curricula, and providing accessible therapy services for students dealing with academic stress, anxiety, and other psychological challenges.

• Processed Food Regulation & Unhealthy Marketing Restrictions: Implement robust national standards on food labelling, sugar and trans fat content, and mandatory health warnings for ultra-processed products. Ban targeted advertising of unhealthy foods to children and adolescents across all media platforms, and require transparent reporting from food companies on product composition and marketing expenditures. Introduce fiscal tools like sugar taxes to discourage harmful consumption patterns and reinvest the revenue in public health campaigns.

• Strengthened Tobacco Control & Expanded Fitness Infrastructure: Enhance anti-tobacco legislation by increasing excise taxes, mandating plain packaging, banning flavoured tobacco products, and expanding smoke-free zones in public and private spaces. Simultaneously, invest in the development and maintenance of inclusive fitness infrastructure, such as public parks, walking trails, outdoor gyms, and subsidised access to community sports and wellness centres—particularly in underserved neighbourhoods.

• Advancement of Diagnostic Technologies & Precision Medicine: Channel research funds into the development and nationwide rollout of advanced diagnostics such as AI-driven imaging tools, liquid biopsy tests, and wearable health monitors. Foster partnerships between public health agencies and genomics institutions to integrate precision medicine into preventive care. Ensure these innovations are distributed equitably by subsidising diagnostic services and establishing screening programs in primary care clinics serving low-income and high-risk populations.

• Equitable Access to Screening Services for Vulnerable Groups: Design community-centred outreach initiatives that provide free or low-cost health screenings—including for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders—to marginalised populations. Train culturally competent health workers to conduct mobile diagnostic units in rural areas, and remove administrative and financial barriers such as ID requirements and co-pays for vulnerable individuals.

• Innovation in Mental Health Research & Digital Treatment Models: Support interdisciplinary R&D efforts that explore novel treatment modalities including digital cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), neurostimulation techniques, virtual reality therapy, and culturally adapted AI mental health tools. Fund open-access mental health platforms and develop evidence-based digital applications that are scalable across diverse linguistic and demographic groups.

• Inclusive Mental Healthcare Access for Marginalised Communities: Embed mental health into universal healthcare frameworks by funding localised mental health centres, increasing the mental health workforce in underserved regions, and subsidising treatment costs. Prioritise outreach to migrant, LGBTQ+, indigenous, and low-income groups by offering services in multiple languages, training providers in trauma-informed care, and partnering with trusted community organisations for co-designed support programs

• Emergency Nutrition Aid for Displaced Populations: Launch immediate food relief programs providing nutritionally fortified meals, therapeutic feeding formulas, and clean water access, tailored to meet the needs of pregnant women, infants, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions. Emergency nutrition stations should integrate on-site screening for acute malnutrition and offer culturally appropriate feeding guidance in partnership with local community workers.

• Targeted Smoking Cessation Interventions in Vulnerable Populations: Initiate culturally sensitive smoking cessation campaigns within displaced communities where tobacco dependency rates are high. These should combine mobile counselling services, nicotine replacement therapies, and peer-support models embedded in shelters and camps. Public health messaging should focus on long-term health risks, especially in confined environments where second-hand smoke exposure may increase.

• Early Detection Through Mobile Diagnostic Teams: Deploy fully equipped emergency medical teams carrying portable diagnostics—such as point-of-care tests for infectious and non-communicable diseases—to enable timely identification and treatment in crisis-affected areas. These units should be linked to referral systems and digital health registries to ensure continuity of care and monitoring for high-risk individuals.

• Chronic Disease Management Under Crisis Conditions: Embed chronic disease management into humanitarian healthcare protocols by creating specialised clinics offering medications, routine monitoring, and patient education on conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. These services should prioritise medication continuity, especially for displaced individuals with disrupted access to long-term care.

• Emergency Mental Health and Trauma Recovery Services: Set up mobile mental health response units and safe spaces that provide psychological first aid, trauma counselling, and group therapy for those affected by displacement, violence, or loss. These programs should involve locally trained psychosocial workers and prioritise gender-sensitive, culturally adapted services for populations exposed to prolonged trauma.

• PTSD Treatment and Psychosocial Crisis Support: Establish post-trauma recovery programs that integrate clinical mental health services with community-based peer support to address PTSD in displaced populations. International assistance should fund trained mental health specialists, structured therapy sessions, and the integration of mental health into primary care services to ensure accessible and sustained support for survivors of crisis-related trauma.

3.5.1 - Coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, psychosocial and rehabilitation and aftercare services) for substance use disorders.

3.5.2 - Alcohol per capita consumption (aged 15 years and older) within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol.

• Expanding Community-Based Rehabilitation Centres and Integrating Harm Reduction Strategies: Governments and healthcare providers should increase the number of rehabilitation centres within communities, ensuring accessible support for individuals struggling with substance use disorders. These centres should offer comprehensive services, including medical detoxification, psychological counselling, and vocational training to facilitate reintegration into society. Harm reduction strategies, such as safe injection sites and needle exchange programs, should be integrated into primary healthcare services to minimise health risks associated with drug use.

• Subsidising Opioid Agonist Therapies for Accessible Treatment: Financial assistance programs should be established to subsidise opioid agonist therapies, such as methadone and buprenorphine, ensuring affordability for individuals seeking recovery. Expanding insurance coverage for substance use treatment and collaborating with pharmaceutical companies to lower medication costs can further improve accessibility. Healthcare facilities should be equipped to provide long-term maintenance therapy and holistic rehabilitation support.

• Implementing Community-Based Prevention Workshops with Cultural Adaptation: Public health agencies should conduct locally tailored prevention workshops, using accessible language and culturally relevant education materials to engage diverse communities. These workshops should emphasise early intervention, coping strategies, and the risks of substance abuse. Partnering with community organisations and religious leaders can enhance outreach and foster trust among participants.

• Leveraging Radio, Social Media, and Local Leaders for Awareness Campaigns: Multi-platform awareness initiatives should be launched to disseminate information about addiction prevention, treatment options, and harm reduction strategies. Radio broadcasts can reach rural communities, while social media campaigns can engage younger demographics with educational content. Empowering local leaders, including teachers, religious figures, and healthcare workers, as advocates can further strengthen community involvement in substance abuse prevention.

• Introducing Higher Alcohol Taxes and Restricting Availability in High-Risk Areas: Governments should impose higher taxes on alcohol products to discourage excessive consumption, allocating generated revenue toward addiction treatment and public health programs. Implementing strict regulations on alcohol sales in high-risk areas, such as near schools and rehabilitation centres, can prevent accessibility to vulnerable populations. Additionally, targeted advertising restrictions can curb alcohol promotion in communities with high prevalence rates of substance abuse.

• Strengthening Local Enforcement of Drug Trafficking Laws: Law enforcement agencies should intensify efforts to curb illicit drug circulation by enhancing surveillance, border security, and intelligence-sharing among jurisdictions. Stricter penalties should be enforced for drug trafficking offences, complemented by rehabilitation-focused alternatives for individuals caught in substance dependency cycles. Coordination between law enforcement, healthcare providers, and social services can create a balanced approach to substance use prevention and intervention.

• Expanding Mental Health Services & Addiction Recovery Programs: Governments must invest in comprehensive mental health and addiction treatment services to ensure individuals receive both medical and psychological support. This includes increasing funding for rehabilitation centres, integrating mental health counselling into primary care, and enhancing accessibility to substance abuse recovery programs through tele-health and community-based support systems.

• Launching Public Awareness Campaigns to Reduce Stigma: Nationwide outreach efforts should be developed to challenge misconceptions surrounding mental health and addiction recovery. These campaigns can incorporate personal testimonials, community dialogues, and expert-led seminars to foster understanding, encourage treatment-seeking behaviours, and break the cycle of stigma preventing people from accessing care.

• Strengthening School-Based Drug Education Programs: Educational institutions must implement science-backed, early intervention programs that provide students with evidence-based information about substance use risks and prevention strategies. Engaging curricula should include interactive workshops, peer counselling programs, and partnerships with healthcare professionals to ensure students receive accurate and practical education on drug prevention.

• Expanding Workplace Awareness Initiatives: Businesses and government agencies should establish workplace-based programs that educate employees on substance use prevention and mental health wellness. This includes providing confidential counselling services, integrating mental health discussions into workplace training, and fostering a supportive environment that reduces the stigma associated with seeking help.

• Enhancing Controlled Retail Licensing for Alcohol & Pharmaceuticals: Authorities must refine and strengthen licensing systems that regulate the sale of alcohol and pharmaceutical products. This includes enforcing stricter age verification processes, implementing measures to prevent illicit trade, and requiring retailers to provide consumer education materials that outline responsible usage.

• Increasing Funding for Regulatory Agencies to Monitor Distribution Networks: Governments should allocate additional resources to enhance oversight of alcohol, pharmaceutical, and controlled substance distribution networks. Strengthening regulatory agencies through advanced monitoring technology, enforcing transparent reporting requirements, and expanding investigative capacity will prevent illegal trade, ensure product safety, and safeguard public health.

• Innovative Harm Reduction Program Investment: Establish national grants to expand evidence-based harm reduction models such as supervised drug consumption sites, needle exchange programs, and safe supply initiatives, particularly in overdose-prone regions. Simultaneously, direct funding into interdisciplinary research on non-addictive pain therapies, including neuromodulation, cannabinoid-based medications, and behavioural pain management—prioritising scalable solutions for chronic pain patients.

• Integrated Mental Health & Substance Abuse Prevention Campaigns: Design holistic public health campaigns that address addiction prevention through the lens of psychological wellness, emotional resilience, and trauma-informed care. Embed these messages into school curricula, youth outreach programs, and health centre screenings, with culturally sensitive materials co-designed by behavioural experts and affected communities.

• Digital Outreach for At-Risk Populations: Launch targeted digital campaigns using social media analytics and geospatial data to reach high-risk demographics, such as youth, LGBTQ+ communities, and individuals experiencing housing instability. Back these initiatives with rigorous research, A/B testing, and continuous evaluation to refine messaging efficacy and reduce stigma around seeking help.

• Tightened Regulations on Substance Marketing: Enforce bans on alcohol and drug-related advertising across platforms accessible to minors, including digital media, streaming services, and outdoor displays near schools or playgrounds. Require prominent health warnings on alcohol packaging and mandate age-verification mechanisms for online content, while increasing penalties for advertising code violations.

• Smart Surveillance for Illicit Substance Sales: Deploy AI-enabled surveillance networks in partnership with customs, postal services, and online marketplaces to monitor, flag, and prevent illegal trafficking of narcotics and counterfeit drugs. Integrate this technology with national health intelligence systems to improve real-time risk assessments and inform rapid response measures.

• Mobile Addiction Treatment and Harm Reduction Units: Deploy specialised mobile healthcare units equipped to deliver addiction treatment services, including medication-assisted therapy, psychological counselling, and harm reduction supplies such as clean syringes and overdose reversal medications, to displaced populations in crisis-affected areas. These units should operate alongside local health actors to reduce stigma and encourage voluntary participation, with referral pathways to longer-term recovery programs.

• Collaborative Resilience Building in Healthcare Systems: Foster international partnerships that focus on strengthening healthcare infrastructure in fragile and conflict-affected regions by investing in resilient service delivery models. This includes reinforcing supply chains for essential medications, training frontline health workers, and establishing emergency response protocols that integrate substance use disorder management into broader health system recovery plans.

• Substance Abuse Awareness Through Mobile Outreach Education: Initiate mobile outreach campaigns staffed by trained peer educators and community health workers to provide culturally appropriate substance abuse prevention education. These teams should use interactive materials and real-time communication tools to raise awareness about the risks of drug use, promote healthy coping strategies, and connect individuals to available treatment and social support services within displaced populations.

• Global Prevention Funding and Policy Collaboration: Establish dedicated international funding mechanisms that support preventive programs targeting substance abuse in humanitarian settings. Aid organisations and multilateral institutions should coordinate technical guidance, pool financial resources, and develop cross-border prevention initiatives tailored to high-risk, mobile, and underserved populations.

• Integrated Border Control and Anti-Trafficking Efforts: Enhance international cooperation in border regions by deploying joint anti-trafficking units equipped with advanced detection technologies and supported by legal frameworks that respect human rights. These efforts should be synchronised with community-based awareness programs to reduce demand and protect displaced individuals from being exploited by illicit drug networks.

• Legal Framework Rebuilding for Sustainable Drug Policy: Support countries recovering from crisis in re-establishing legal and regulatory systems governing substance use, with a focus on evidence-based policy reform. International experts and human rights advocates should assist in drafting balanced drug laws, integrating public health principles, and ensuring enforcement agencies receive training that emphasises treatment over punishment.

3.6.1 - Death rate due to road traffic injuries.

• Implementing Low-Cost Road Safety Measures: Governments should enforce essential road safety regulations, including mandatory helmet use for motorcyclists and strict speed limits in high-risk areas. Installing speed bumps, clear road signs, and pedestrian crossings in accident-prone zones can further enhance safety. Public awareness campaigns should emphasise compliance through community engagement and law enforcement partnerships.

• Expanding Community-Based Education Campaigns on Safe Driving: Local governments and traffic authorities should establish ongoing education initiatives targeting drivers, pedestrians, and motorcyclists. These campaigns should include workshops, interactive seminars, and distribution of educational materials to promote responsible road behaviours. Schools and workplaces can serve as key venues for spreading awareness, fostering a culture of safe driving from an early age.

• Developing Community-Led Awareness Programs Using Various Outreach Methods: Community organisations should collaborate with local authorities to design road safety awareness programs tailored to specific demographics. Utilising radio broadcasts ensures accessibility for remote populations, while local events, such as road safety fairs and interactive street demonstrations, allow direct engagement. Social media platforms can amplify outreach efforts by sharing real-life accident prevention stories and interactive safety challenges.

• Expanding Low-Cost Emergency Medical Response Services: Governments and health agencies should invest in affordable emergency response services, such as deploying motorcycle ambulances in densely populated urban areas and rural communities. These ambulances can navigate congested roads efficiently, ensuring rapid medical assistance. Strengthening coordination between emergency medical teams and community health centres can further optimise response times for accident victims.

• Training Community-Based First Responders for Emergency Aid: Local volunteers should receive structured training in first aid and emergency response techniques, equipping them to provide life-saving assistance before professional help arrives. Governments and health organisations should establish accessible training programs focusing on CPR, wound management, and accident scene coordination. Standardising first responder certifications and integrating community support networks can significantly improve survival rates in road accidents.

• Enhancing Surveillance Technology for Speed Limit Enforcement & Drunk Driving Prevention: Governments should invest in advanced speed-monitoring systems, including automated cameras and AI-driven traffic enforcement tools to ensure compliance with speed limits. Random breath testing programs should be expanded nationwide, with mobile checkpoints deployed in high-risk areas and public awareness initiatives reinforcing the dangers of impaired driving.

• Improving Road Signage & Pedestrian Safety Measures: Authorities must implement clearer, high-visibility road signage and pedestrian crossing systems to reduce accidents. This includes installing reflective signs, pedestrian bridges in high-traffic zones, and smart traffic signals that prioritise pedestrian movement at intersections. Enhanced street lighting and dedicated pedestrian paths will further ensure safe mobility.

• Expanding School-Based Road Safety Curriculums: Educational institutions should introduce mandatory road safety courses that teach students about responsible pedestrian behaviour and safe driving principles. Interactive lessons, hands-on demonstrations, and collaborations with local traffic authorities can reinforce the importance of road awareness among young individuals.

• Launching Interactive Digital Campaigns Targeting Youth: Governments and advocacy groups should develop online campaigns that use gamified content, social media engagement, and virtual simulations to educate young drivers and pedestrians about road safety. These initiatives should focus on behavioural change, emphasising the risks of distracted driving and the necessity of traffic compliance.

• Improving Hospital Trauma Care Capacity: National health systems must ensure that major cities have well-equipped Level I trauma centres capable of handling emergency surgeries and intensive care needs. Investments should prioritise advanced surgical equipment, specialised trauma response teams, and rapid emergency admission protocols to enhance treatment outcomes for accident victims.

• Introducing Traffic Management Protocols to Reduce Ambulance Delays: Authorities should implement dynamic traffic signal prioritisation for ambulances, ensuring emergency vehicles receive clear passage during transit. Dedicated emergency lanes, real-time traffic monitoring systems, and coordinated dispatch networks should be expanded to optimise emergency response times and reduce delays in critical medical interventions.

• Smart Traffic Control & AI-Powered Road Safety Systems: Establish nationwide investment programs to deploy intelligent traffic infrastructure, including automated speed cameras, adaptive traffic signals, and AI-enabled vehicle recognition systems to monitor lane violations and distracted driving behaviours. Integrate these systems with central databases to enable predictive analytics for accident hotspots and real-time traffic flow optimisation in urban centres.

• Strict Vehicle Safety Inspection Regimes: Mandate regular, comprehensive vehicle inspections that meet or exceed international safety and emissions standards, including checks on braking systems, electronic stability controls, and crashworthiness. Establish certified inspection hubs with digital reporting systems and enforce penalties for non-compliance, especially targeting high-mileage and commercial fleets.

• Corporate Road Safety Accountability Programs: Require companies operating fleets or employing frequent drivers to implement mandatory driver education programs covering defensive driving, vehicle maintenance, and fatigue management. Incentivise adherence through tax benefits and insurance discounts for businesses that achieve road safety certification or maintain low incident rates.

• Pedestrian & Cyclist-Focused Safety Education: Launch public education campaigns that teach safe commuting practices to vulnerable road users, such as children, the elderly, and cyclists. Develop school-based programs, community workshops, and multilingual public signage that address shared road space etiquette, visibility tips, and proper use of pedestrian crossings and cycle lanes.

• AI-Enabled Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems: Invest in next-generation EMS dispatch networks that utilise AI algorithms and geospatial mapping to detect traffic accidents via road sensors, vehicle telemetry, or public reporting apps. These systems should automatically route the nearest ambulance, suggest optimal navigation paths, and relay vital pre-arrival information to receiving hospitals to enhance triage efficiency.

• Post-Accident Rehabilitation & Recovery Programs: Expand public healthcare resources dedicated to post-crash care, including multidisciplinary rehab centres offering physiotherapy, mental health counselling, and occupational therapy. Offer structured return-to-work programs and long-term support for individuals with permanent impairments, while also collecting data to improve treatment protocols and reduce repeat injuries.

• Emergency Road Repair and Transport Access Preservation: Launch rapid-response infrastructure programs to prioritise the repair of damaged or obstructed roads critical to humanitarian operations. These initiatives should deploy mobile engineering units equipped to stabilise bridges, clear debris, and reinforce road surfaces, ensuring uninterrupted movement for aid convoys and safe passage for displaced civilians.

• Strengthening Temporary Traffic Discipline Teams: Establish mobile enforcement squads trained in emergency traffic management to regulate movement through congested or hazardous areas. These teams, working alongside local authorities, should focus on directing humanitarian convoys, enforcing speed controls, and mitigating risks in high-footfall zones near camps or field hospitals.

• Mobile Road Safety Education for Displaced Communities: Deploy mobile educational caravans equipped with interpreters, visual aids, and participatory learning tools to educate displaced populations on road safety protocols, pedestrian awareness, and navigating unstable or unfamiliar road environments. These efforts help reduce traffic-related injuries in chaotic and infrastructure-poor settings.

• International Collaboration on Community Awareness Campaigns: Forge partnerships with international donors, NGOs, and media organisations to fund and roll out wide-reaching community awareness campaigns. These campaigns should integrate road safety, emergency transport coordination, and trauma preparedness messaging, especially in regions where public communication channels have broken down

• Expanded Mobile Emergency Trauma Response Units: Scale up mobile trauma teams equipped with emergency medical supplies, ambulance-grade transport vehicles, and field-ready surgical kits to ensure life-saving care reaches the injured in remote or heavily impacted crisis zones. These teams must be linked into national emergency response systems to enable rapid coordination and patient referral.

• Reinforcing Healthcare Network Resilience Through Aid Partnerships: Collaborate with international humanitarian agencies to maintain and expand emergency healthcare networks capable of withstanding ongoing crises. This includes supporting cross-border referral pathways, ensuring consistent medical supply chains, and investing in telecommunications infrastructure to enable 24/7 coordination among field hospitals, mobile units, and regional health hubs.

3.7.1 - Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods.

3.7.2 - Adolescent birth rate (aged 10-14 years; aged 15-19 years) per 1,000 women in that age group.

• Strengthening Community-Based Contraceptive Distribution Networks: Governments and health organisations should develop sustainable distribution systems that ensure contraceptives reach underserved areas. Local clinics, pharmacies, and trained community health workers should be integrated into these networks to provide consistent access to a variety of contraceptive options. Outreach initiatives should focus on culturally appropriate education to improve awareness and acceptance.

• Training Healthcare Workers and Midwives for Reproductive Health Education: Healthcare providers, including midwives and community health workers, should receive specialised training in reproductive health, family planning, and prenatal care. Governments should establish ongoing educational programs to equip medical personnel with the skills needed to counsel individuals and families on reproductive choices, safe pregnancy practices, and maternal health concerns.

• Expanding Community-Based Maternal Clinics with Trained Birth Attendants: Local maternal clinics should be expanded in rural and underserved areas, staffed with trained midwives and birth attendants who can provide essential pregnancy care, including prenatal checkups, labor support, and postpartum care. Governments should allocate funding to improve clinic infrastructure, ensuring access to clean, well-equipped delivery facilities and emergency obstetric services.

• Increasing Government Subsidies for Prenatal and Delivery Services: Public health policies should prioritise financial assistance for expectant mothers, ensuring prenatal visits, ultrasounds, safe deliveries, and postpartum care remain affordable for all populations. Governments should develop subsidy programs that provide free or low-cost maternal healthcare, removing economic barriers to accessing necessary medical services.

• Expanding Community Health Outreach for Free Contraceptives and Prenatal Care: Health agencies should implement grassroots outreach programs that bring reproductive health services directly to communities. Mobile clinics and health campaigns should distribute free contraceptives, provide prenatal screenings, and conduct reproductive health education workshops. Collaboration with local leaders can increase participation and foster trust in these services.

• Removing Legal Barriers to Reproductive Healthcare Access: Governments should review existing laws and eliminate restrictions that limit reproductive healthcare access, such as requirements for spousal consent or restrictions on certain contraceptive methods. Policies should ensure that reproductive health services are available to all individuals regardless of income, marital status, or geographic location. Advocacy efforts should promote equitable healthcare rights and access.

• Expanding Public Education Campaigns to Reduce Stigma Around Contraception Use: Governments and health organisations must launch targeted public awareness initiatives to challenge misconceptions about contraceptive methods and their role in reproductive health. These campaigns should use culturally sensitive messaging, engage trusted community leaders, and leverage digital platforms to normalise discussions on contraception and empower individuals to make informed choices.

• Integrating Family Planning Services into Primary Healthcare Centres: Healthcare systems should ensure that family planning services are universally accessible by embedding them within primary healthcare centres. This includes providing free or subsidised contraceptives, offering confidential counselling services, and training medical professionals to guide individuals on reproductive health decisions. Strengthening referral networks will also ensure people can access specialised reproductive care when needed.

• Strengthening Public Education Programs with Culturally Adapted Sexual & Reproductive Health Resources: Governments must develop comprehensive education programs that incorporate local cultural perspectives to enhance community engagement. This includes translating educational materials into multiple languages, working with community health workers to address specific concerns, and promoting interactive learning tools that make reproductive health information accessible to diverse populations.

• Ensuring Rural Hospitals Have Adequate Maternal Care Units: Investments should be directed toward improving maternal healthcare infrastructure in rural regions, ensuring hospitals are equipped with trained obstetricians, neonatal care units, and essential maternal health supplies. Expanding mobile healthcare clinics and tele-health services will further bridge gaps in healthcare accessibility for expectant mothers in remote communities.

• Strengthening Public Education Initiatives to Eliminate Stigmas Around Reproductive Rights: Governments and advocacy groups must implement sustained efforts to challenge societal stigma surrounding reproductive rights, including family planning, abortion access, and maternal health choices. Nationwide dialogues, school-based workshops, and legal awareness campaigns will help cultivate an environment where individuals can confidently exercise their reproductive rights without fear of discrimination.

• Ensuring Seamless Integration of Family Planning Services in Primary Healthcare Centres: In addition to accessibility, healthcare policymakers should prioritise the seamless incorporation of family planning services into existing primary care frameworks. This includes improving supply chains for contraceptive distribution, expanding insurance coverage for reproductive health services, and training general practitioners to incorporate reproductive health consultations into routine patient visits.

• Affordable & Equitable Access to Contraceptive Services: Launch nationwide subsidies and social protection schemes to ensure that modern contraceptive methods—including long-acting reversible options—are provided free or at low cost in both public and private facilities. Expand outreach through mobile health clinics and tele-health platforms to reach adolescents, rural populations, and uninsured individuals with confidential, stigma-free reproductive health services.

• Investment in Long-Term Contraceptive Research: Allocate targeted funding toward the development of innovative, low-maintenance contraceptive solutions such as biodegradable implants, reversible male contraceptives, and immuno-contraception. Establish public-private partnerships with biotech firms and research institutions to accelerate trials and ensure that new solutions are safe, accessible, and adaptable to diverse healthcare settings.

• Expanded Specialised Maternal Care Services: Strengthen referral systems and invest in comprehensive maternal health centres that offer neonatal intensive care, culturally competent postpartum mental health counselling, and integrated family support services. Train healthcare providers in respectful maternity care and scale up programs that support new parents during the postnatal period, especially in high-need areas.

• Comprehensive Family Planning Support Programs: Develop inclusive family planning strategies that embed counselling and informed consent into routine healthcare, while promoting reproductive autonomy and gender equality. Equip community health workers with tools to provide individualised reproductive guidance, and normalise discussions around fertility planning through public education campaigns.

• Reinforced Legal Protections for Reproductive Rights: Enact robust legislation that protects individuals’ rights to access reproductive healthcare, prohibits discriminatory service denial, and ensures affordability through universal coverage mandates. Safeguard scientific integrity by requiring all reproductive health policies to be grounded in peer-reviewed evidence and overseen by independent health agencies.

• Sustainable Funding for Gender-Responsive Research & Services: Establish dedicated grant mechanisms for research into health disparities affecting women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and gender-diverse populations. Support the development of gender-sensitive clinical protocols, medical technologies, and health system designs through inclusive stakeholder engagement and performance-based funding models.

• Integrated Mobile Reproductive and Maternal Health Services: Establish mobile health units that deliver a full spectrum of reproductive and maternal healthcare services—including contraception, prenatal screenings, emergency childbirth support, and family planning education—to displaced populations. These mobile units should be staffed with midwives, reproductive health specialists, and community health educators, and equipped with the necessary supplies to provide confidential, culturally sensitive care in transit camps and remote crisis zones.

• Expanded International Partnerships for Reproductive Health Aid: Strengthen cross-border humanitarian partnerships to fund and coordinate reproductive health interventions. Donor agencies, UN bodies, and medical NGOs should collaborate on joint delivery plans, pooled procurement of reproductive health commodities, and emergency deployments of healthcare workers trained in sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR) to ensure rapid, equitable service coverage in emergencies.

• Mobile Maternal Health Outreach and Emergency Support: Deploy dedicated mobile maternal health teams that offer prenatal check-ups, safe birthing assistance, and postpartum support. These teams should function alongside fixed maternal care stations where possible and refer patients with complications to nearby emergency care centres. Integration with vaccination programs and nutrition support ensures a more holistic maternal-child health approach.

• Sustained International Aid for Maternal Health Infrastructure: Secure multi-year commitments from global health donors and development agencies to maintain and expand maternal health infrastructure in post-displacement and disaster recovery settings. This involves repairing or upgrading maternity wards, training local midwives, and ensuring consistent availability of maternal medicines and emergency obstetric care.

• Comprehensive Crisis-Responsive Healthcare Networks: Develop robust international healthcare support systems tailored to humanitarian emergencies, with a specific focus on reproductive and maternal health. These networks should enable rapid deployment of health personnel, mobile clinics, and medical logistics to areas where existing systems are overwhelmed or non-functional, ensuring health continuity for displaced women and families.

3.8.1 - Coverage of essential health services.

3.8.2 - Proportion of population with large household expenditures on health as a share of total household expenditure or income.

• Introducing Subsidised Healthcare Programs to Reduce Out-of-Pocket Expenses: Governments should develop healthcare subsidy programs that reduce financial burdens on low-income populations. This includes covering costs for essential medical services, diagnostics, and prescription medications. Subsidised healthcare packages can ensure that individuals receive quality care without facing economic hardship.

• Expanding Community Health Insurance Models: Governments and health organisations should collaborate to establish accessible insurance models tailored for low-income and underserved populations. These models should offer flexible payment options, minimal premiums, and comprehensive coverage for primary and preventive healthcare needs. Strengthening partnerships with private insurers can further enhance affordability and sustainability.

• Implementing Low-Cost Medication Distribution Networks: Healthcare agencies should streamline medicine distribution through community pharmacies, mobile clinics, and direct delivery systems. Governments should regulate pricing, negotiate bulk purchases with pharmaceutical companies, and eliminate unnecessary intermediaries to ensure affordability. Community outreach initiatives should educate populations on available low-cost medication options.

• Expanding Community-Based Health Clinics and Training Local Healthcare Workers: Community clinics should be established or expanded in remote areas to provide essential medical services, including preventive care, vaccinations, and chronic disease management. These clinics must be staffed with locally trained healthcare professionals who understand the specific needs of their communities. Training programs should focus on equipping workers with fundamental diagnostic and treatment skills.

• Increasing Government Healthcare Subsidies for Primary Care Visits: Governments should allocate funding for primary healthcare subsidies, ensuring that all individuals, regardless of income, can access routine medical consultations. Subsidies should extend to diagnostic tests, preventive screenings, and essential treatments, reducing financial barriers that prevent individuals from seeking timely medical attention.

• Introducing Low-Cost Health Insurance Models for Financial Protection: Affordable health insurance programs should be created, targeting populations with limited financial resources. These models should include flexible monthly premiums, coverage for primary and emergency care, and financial protections against catastrophic health expenses. Governments should provide incentives for private insurers to develop subsidised plans that cater to poor groups.

• Expanding Government-Supported Healthcare Subsidies for Essential Services: Public healthcare policies should prioritise expanding subsidies that cover vital medical services such as maternity care, chronic disease management, mental health support, and elderly care. Governments should allocate resources to ensure accessibility for vulnerable populations, reducing disparities in healthcare access and improving overall public health outcomes.

• Expanding Insurance Coverage for Informal Workers & Lower-Income Families: Governments must implement subsidised health insurance programs tailored to informal workers and economically vulnerable populations. This includes developing sliding-scale premium models, ensuring flexible enrolment processes, and partnering with community organisations to enhance outreach and enrolment accessibility.

• Implementing Cost-Sharing Models to Reduce Hospital Service Fees: Health authorities should introduce sustainable cost-sharing mechanisms that lower financial barriers to hospital services. This involves establishing tiered payment models, providing government-backed subsidies for critical treatments, and negotiating hospital pricing structures to prevent excessive out-of-pocket expenses for patients.

• Strengthening Health Workforce Training Programs: Expanding educational opportunities for medical professionals is essential to meeting rising healthcare demands. Governments should allocate funding for new medical schools, incentivise rural healthcare training programs, and improve continuing education courses for doctors, nurses, and midwives to ensure high-quality patient care.

• Enhancing Digital Health Systems for Telemedicine Outreach: Investments should be directed toward modernising healthcare infrastructure with advanced telemedicine capabilities. Governments and health institutions must expand internet-based consultations, integrate AI-powered diagnostics into digital health platforms, and ensure underserved communities have access to virtual medical services through mobile health units.

• Strengthening Public Health Insurance Accessibility: National healthcare systems should simplify enrolment processes, eliminate bureaucratic barriers, and create targeted outreach campaigns to ensure informal workers and vulnerable populations have seamless access to health coverage. Governments must also improve digital integration for insurance claims, allowing patients to navigate healthcare systems efficiently.

• Implementing Cost-Sharing Mechanisms to Reduce Healthcare Expenses: Transparent pricing models must be introduced within hospitals and clinics to control excessive medical costs. Governments should collaborate with healthcare providers to establish capped service fees, negotiate medication pricing agreements, and launch financial assistance programs to prevent individuals from facing financial hardship due to medical treatments.

• Strengthened Regulation of Medical Pricing and Billing Practices: Implement transparent national pricing frameworks that cap out-of-pocket costs for essential medications, diagnostics, and routine treatments. Mandate standard billing protocols across providers, enforce price ceilings for high-cost pharmaceuticals, and establish independent review boards to investigate and penalise unjustified markups or exploitative billing practices.

• Comprehensive Investment in Preventive Healthcare: Reallocate healthcare budgets to prioritise preventive strategies over reactive care by funding immunisation drives, community-based wellness programs, and early detection initiatives for chronic diseases. Encourage employer participation through wellness tax credits and embed prevention targets into national health performance indicators to incentivise long-term cost reduction.

• Expanded Access to Screenings and Lifestyle-Based Interventions: Scale up population-wide screening programs—such as for cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and mental health—through mobile clinics, workplace wellness initiatives, and community health worker outreach. Incorporate nutrition, physical activity, and stress management components into primary care visits to support holistic, proactive health maintenance.

• Deployment of Smart Healthcare Technologies: Invest in interoperable health IT systems, such as electronic health records, AI-enabled diagnostic decision tools, and virtual triage assistants, to streamline care delivery and reduce service duplication. Incentivise adoption of predictive analytics platforms in hospitals to optimise staffing, flag high-risk patients, and manage chronic conditions with greater precision.

• Strengthened Financial Protection Against Health Shocks: Expand national insurance schemes and preventive benefit packages to cover routine care, outpatient services, and essential medications for low-income households. Introduce income-based premium subsidies, co-pay caps, and auto-enrolment policies to reduce medical debt and ensure equitable coverage even during economic downturns.

• Augmented Safety Nets for the Chronically Ill and Disabled: Increase public funding for long-term care, assistive technologies, and home-based services tailored to individuals living with chronic illnesses or disabilities. Integrate disability-inclusive services into public health planning and ensure streamlined access to income support programs, respite care, and job reintegration pathways for caregivers and affected individuals alike.

• Deployment of Emergency Health Financing Mechanisms: Establish rapid-response medical relief funds to cover the full cost of essential healthcare services for populations affected by conflict, natural disasters, or displacement. These programs should ensure immediate access to life-saving treatments, chronic disease management, and maternal care by waiving user fees in both public and mobile health settings, thereby removing financial barriers to care.

• Affordable Mobile Healthcare Outreach for Displaced Communities: Operationalise mobile healthcare units that deliver free or highly subsidised medical care, including primary care, emergency response, and referral support, to vulnerable populations outside formal health system catchment areas. These units should be staffed with multilingual personnel and equipped with essential diagnostics, medications, and basic surgical capabilities to ensure consistent service in remote or unstable environments.

• Global Partnerships for Sustained Healthcare Affordability: Strengthen international cooperation with global health agencies, such as WHO, UNFPA, and Gavi, to pool resources, share policy frameworks, and deliver coordinated assistance aimed at sustaining healthcare affordability. This includes joint financing of health worker salaries, bulk procurement of essential medicines, and support for local health financing schemes that subsidise care for displaced and crisis-affected communities.

• Integrated Emergency Health Insurance Access: Work with international donors and regional governments to deploy adaptable, low-cost health insurance models tailored for populations at high risk of displacement or poverty during crises. These schemes should offer immediate coverage for a defined package of essential services, including medications and hospital referrals, and be linked to humanitarian identification systems to ensure continuity across regions.

• Resilient Aid Systems for Healthcare Accessibility: Develop cross-sector humanitarian partnerships that maintain healthcare supply chains, fuel stockpiles, and referral infrastructure during prolonged crises. These collaborations should support the integration of digital health financing platforms, mobile enrolment in aid programs, and transparent tracking tools to ensure displaced populations are not left behind in emergency health interventions.

3.9.1 - Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution.

3.9.2 - Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services).

3.9.3 - Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning.

• Introducing Affordable Clean Energy Alternatives for Industrial and Urban Transition: Governments should incentivise industries and urban areas to transition away from high-pollution fuels by subsidising renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower. Financial aid should be provided to businesses that adopt cleaner technologies, while infrastructure development should prioritise expanding access to affordable green energy grids. Public education campaigns can raise awareness of the long-term benefits of transitioning to low-emission alternatives.

• Strengthening Water Sanitation and Waste Treatment Systems: Investments should be allocated toward upgrading water sanitation infrastructure, including wastewater treatment facilities, filtration systems, and access to clean drinking water in underserved areas. Strengthening regulatory frameworks for industrial waste disposal can further ensure that water sources remain uncontaminated. Community-led water monitoring programs can enhance accountability and improve local sanitation standards.

• Introducing Affordable Waste Treatment Solutions for Industry Compliance: Affordable, scalable waste management solutions should be developed to help industries properly handle hazardous materials. Governments should enforce strict regulations requiring industries to adopt eco-friendly disposal methods, such as waste recycling, composting, and chemical treatment processes. Public-private partnerships can be leveraged to innovate and implement cost-effective waste processing technologies.

• Strengthening Government Oversight on Industrial Pollution: Stronger enforcement of environmental regulations should be implemented to reduce industrial pollution levels. Governments must ensure that emission controls are adhered to by regularly auditing factories, enforcing penalties for violations, and mandating transparency in corporate environmental impact reports. Establishing independent environmental oversight bodies can further reinforce accountability and encourage sustainable industrial practices.

• Expanding Low-Cost Clean Energy Programs to Reduce Pollution Exposure: Governments should provide subsidies for low-income communities to transition to clean energy solutions, including solar panel installations and energy-efficient appliances. Rural electrification programs should prioritise expanding renewable energy grids to ensure equitable access. Incentivising businesses to integrate energy-saving practices can further reduce pollution and create a healthier urban environment.

• Strengthening Community-Led Waste Management Initiatives: Grassroots waste management programs should be expanded to engage local communities in recycling efforts, pollution reduction, and responsible disposal practices. Governments should allocate funds for training local leaders and volunteers in effective waste management techniques, promoting sustainable behaviours. Collaborating with businesses to develop zero-waste initiatives can further advance environmental health goals.

• Expanding Public Transportation Infrastructure for Emission Reduction & Air Quality Improvement: Governments must invest in modernising and expanding public transit networks to reduce reliance on private vehicles. This includes constructing efficient metro systems, enhancing bus rapid transit corridors, and promoting non-motorised transport such as cycling lanes and pedestrian pathways. Financial incentives, such as subsidies for electric buses and reduced fare programs, will further encourage widespread public transit usage.

• Implementing Stricter Factory Waste Disposal Regulations: Industrial facilities must be required to adopt advanced waste treatment technologies and adhere to stringent disposal protocols to prevent water contamination. Governments should enforce compliance through periodic inspections, impose penalties for violations, and encourage sustainable waste management practices such as closed-loop recycling and wastewater treatment systems.

• Expanding Mandatory Emissions Monitoring for Factories & Industrial Plants: Regulatory agencies should mandate real-time air quality monitoring systems for industrial operations, integrating digital reporting mechanisms to track pollutant levels effectively. Continuous emissions monitoring devices should be installed at high-risk facilities, ensuring immediate corrective measures are taken in cases of environmental non-compliance.

• Implementing Corporate Incentives for Waste Reduction & Sustainable Practices: Policymakers must introduce tax benefits, subsidy programs, and certification initiatives for businesses that adopt eco-friendly waste management strategies. Encouraging industries to minimise packaging waste, incorporate circular economy models, and transition to sustainable production methods will contribute to long-term environmental conservation.

• Implementing Urban Greening Projects for Air Quality & Heat Mitigation: Cities should integrate large-scale urban reforestation programs, rooftop gardens, and green corridor developments to enhance air quality and reduce heat-related health risks. Expanding tree cover in urban areas will help absorb pollutants, regulate temperatures, and improve overall public health outcomes.

• Enforcing Stricter Industrial Pollution Regulations for Sustainable Waste Disposal: Governments must strengthen environmental protection laws, mandating that industries adopt eco-friendly disposal methods, limit hazardous waste production, and comply with environmental impact assessments. Increased funding for enforcement agencies and technological innovations in waste treatment will help ensure sustainability and regulatory adherence

• Renewable Energy Investment & Emissions Reduction Policies: Launch large-scale public investments and green financing schemes to support the expansion of solar, wind, and geothermal energy infrastructure. Establish legislative mandates that set enforceable emissions caps for high-polluting sectors and introduce market-based mechanisms—like carbon pricing or emissions trading—to incentivise a transition to clean energy across industries.

• Deployment of Advanced Real-Time Pollution Monitoring Systems: Implement AI-enabled environmental surveillance networks that use satellite data, drone sensors, and ground-level IoT devices to continuously track air, water, and soil pollutants. Integrate this data into national environmental dashboards for public transparency and policy enforcement, while enabling predictive analytics to identify emerging environmental health threats.

• Circular Economy & Closed-Loop Waste Management: Enforce national recycling mandates that require industries to shift toward circular production models—such as product lifecycle tracking, material recovery, and zero-waste certification systems. Provide tax incentives for companies that adopt cradle-to-cradle design and penalise those that fail to meet waste diversion targets, especially in sectors with high toxic output like electronics and chemicals.

• Tighter Carbon Emission Regulations for Industry: Establish stringent emissions performance standards for industrial facilities, enforce regular third-party audits, and require annual climate risk disclosures from large emitters. Encourage green technology upgrades through targeted subsidies and ensure compliance through digital emissions tracking and publicly accessible environmental impact reports.

• Scaled Investment in Environmental Hazard Detection Technology: Fund the development and deployment of next-generation pollution detection systems—including nanotechnology-based air sensors, automated water quality monitors, and chemical fingerprinting tools—that offer high-resolution, real-time environmental diagnostics, particularly in vulnerable urban and industrial zones.

• Strengthened Carbon Neutrality Legislation for Health Impact Mitigation: Codify carbon neutrality goals into national law, linking them explicitly to health protection outcomes such as reduced respiratory disease rates and heat-related illness. Require health impact assessments for large-scale carbon-emitting projects and embed net-zero targets into urban planning, transportation, and public procurement strategies.

• Rapid Deployment of Mobile Environmental Health Response Teams: Mobilise interdisciplinary mobile response units equipped with environmental monitoring tools, personal protective equipment, and remediation supplies to assess and address chemical spills, air quality threats, and water contamination in crisis zones. These teams should coordinate with local health actors and humanitarian partners to provide real-time assessments and implement immediate mitigation strategies for at-risk populations.

• International Collaboration for WASH Infrastructure Recovery: Strengthen aid partnerships focused on rehabilitating water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure through coordinated funding, shared technical expertise, and co-managed recovery plans. This includes rebuilding water treatment plants, expanding underground sewage networks, and installing community-managed clean water systems to restore safe living conditions in affected regions.

• Environmental Recovery Programs to Mitigate Industrial Pollution: Establish targeted recovery initiatives to contain and remediate environmental hazards caused by industrial waste, especially in areas where factories, mines, or hazardous sites are near displaced or impoverished communities. These initiatives should include soil and water detoxification efforts, long-term pollution monitoring, and engagement with environmental justice advocates to ensure accountability and transparency.

• Emergency Pollution Control and Containment Operations: Deploy crisis-specific environmental health teams tasked with isolating pollution sources, such as open waste dumps, untreated effluents, or hazardous chemical leaks, and implementing community-level protective measures. This includes distributing protective gear, sealing contaminated zones, and launching public information campaigns on avoiding exposure and seeking medical help.

• Collaborative Reconstruction of Waste Management Systems: Build international alliances to fund and oversee the reconstruction of waste collection, sorting, and disposal infrastructure in crisis-affected and displaced settings. Aid partners should invest in sustainable technologies, train local waste management personnel, and establish scalable systems that prevent environmental degradation and support safe livelihoods.

• Sanitation Infrastructure Restoration Through Global Aid Support: Coordinate long-term recovery of sanitation systems—especially in informal settlements and high-density camps—by aligning donor investments with municipal restoration plans. This effort should prioritise inclusive design, such as gender-sensitive latrines and safe waste disposal systems and ensure that communities play a central role in maintaining and monitoring sanitation services.

3.b.1 - Proportion of the target population covered by all vaccines included in their national programme.

3.b.2 - Total net official development assistance to medical research and basic health sectors.

3.b.3 - Proportion of health facilities that have a core set of relevant essential medicines available and affordable on a sustainable basis.

• Expanding Funding for Local Pharmaceutical Research and Affordable Medicine Production: Governments should allocate financial resources to support domestic pharmaceutical research, fostering the development of affordable generic medicines and vaccines. Establishing local manufacturing hubs can reduce dependency on imported medications, lowering costs and improving accessibility. Public-private partnerships should be encouraged to enhance innovation and ensure sustainable drug production.

• Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure through International Partnerships: Collaboration with international health organisations and pharmaceutical companies should be prioritised to improve vaccine distribution networks and train healthcare professionals. Governments should facilitate cross-border knowledge exchanges, equipping medical personnel with advanced skills in immunisation programs and epidemic response strategies. Securing global funding can further enhance infrastructure improvements.

• Increasing Financial Assistance for Public Health Initiatives: Public health initiatives must receive increased government funding to expand preventive care programs, disease surveillance, and access to essential treatments. Financial subsidies should support vaccination drives, health education campaigns, and free screenings for communicable and non-communicable diseases. Investments should focus on strengthening healthcare accessibility for economically disadvantaged populations.

• Investing in Digital Infrastructure for Telemedicine Expansion: Governments should develop digital infrastructure projects that ensure reliable internet connectivity in remote areas, enabling access to mobile healthcare platforms and telemedicine services. Expanding digital health solutions can bridge the gap for patients who lack access to traditional medical facilities. Incentivising private tech firms to collaborate with healthcare providers can further enhance digital health accessibility.

• Strengthening Healthcare Worker Training on Digital Tools: Medical professionals should receive specialised training on digital healthcare platforms, telemedicine consultations, and remote patient monitoring systems. Governments should integrate digital literacy into medical education curricula, ensuring that healthcare workers are equipped with the technological skills required for modern healthcare delivery. Ongoing skill development workshops can keep professionals up to date with evolving digital medical tools.

• Strengthening Research Partnerships & Incentivising Local Innovation in Vaccine & Drug Development: Governments must foster collaborations between local research institutions and global pharmaceutical organisations to accelerate vaccine and drug innovation. Providing financial incentives, research grants, and specialised training programs will empower local scientists and biotech firms to contribute to medical advancements and ensure the development of region-specific healthcare solutions.

• Promoting Regional Collaboration in Medical Research & Technology Development: Healthcare authorities should establish regional research networks that facilitate cross-border knowledge exchange and collaborative medical innovations. This includes joint funding opportunities, shared laboratory facilities, and coordinated policy frameworks that enable seamless technology integration across multiple nations.

• Supporting Joint Disease Surveillance Programs: Governments must implement unified disease monitoring initiatives that allow neighbouring countries to share real-time epidemiological data. Strengthening global health partnerships, developing standardised data-sharing platforms, and deploying digital tracking systems will enhance early disease detection and improve coordinated outbreak response strategies.

• Developing & Integrating Nationwide Electronic Health Records (EHRs): National healthcare systems should prioritise the digitisation of patient records, creating a unified electronic health system that enhances data-driven insights and medical efficiency. This requires investments in secure cloud infrastructure, interoperability frameworks for seamless data sharing, and privacy safeguards to protect patient information.

• Fostering Partnerships Between Healthcare Institutions & Technology Firms for Innovation: Governments must encourage collaboration between hospitals, research institutions, and technology companies to drive medical innovation. Funding AI-powered diagnostics, remote healthcare solutions, and medical robotics will enhance patient care accessibility while modernising treatment methodologies in both urban and rural healthcare settings.

• Expanded Medical Research Investment with Fair Access Guarantees: Establish public-private research consortia that pool funding for high-impact medical R&D, particularly for neglected diseases and affordable therapeutics. Require fair pricing agreements, global licensing models, and tiered royalty structures to ensure medical breakthroughs are both accessible and affordable for developing countries. Embed equity clauses in research funding contracts to prioritise global health needs over market size.

• Global Healthcare Investment and Equitable Technology Transfer: Scale international development funds for health infrastructure by partnering with multilateral institutions, philanthropic organisations, and tech innovators. Facilitate south-south and north-south technology transfer agreements that provide developing nations with access to vital innovations, such as vaccine production, diagnostic tools, and medical device manufacturing, through capacity-building and shared IP frameworks.

• Policy Harmonisation for Global Health Security: Promote international policy alignment on health security by coordinating preparedness protocols, surveillance standards, and outbreak response frameworks through global platforms like WHO and regional health alliances. Encourage joint simulation exercises, transparent data-sharing agreements, and cross-border early warning systems to reinforce resilience against pandemics and emerging threats.

• AI Integration in Diagnostics & Personalised Treatment: Invest in the development and clinical validation of AI-powered health technologies that enhance early disease detection, precision treatment planning, and real-time diagnostic support. Focus on ethical, inclusive design by training AI systems on diverse datasets and ensuring interoperability with existing healthcare systems across countries and regions.

• Robust Regulation for Ethical AI & Data Governance in Health: Enact comprehensive laws to govern the ethical deployment of AI in healthcare, emphasising transparency, accountability, and informed consent. Require health tech developers to comply with global data security protocols, privacy standards (e.g., GDPR-equivalent norms), and algorithmic auditing to prevent biases and misuse of sensitive patient information.

• Global Health Research Coalitions for Crisis Response: Foster international partnerships that pool emergency research funding to develop context-specific treatments and interventions for displaced populations. These efforts should prioritise rapid development of scalable treatment protocols, culturally appropriate care models, and adaptable therapies for crisis-related illnesses, with outcomes integrated into humanitarian response frameworks through shared data platforms.

• Sustained Funding for Mobile Humanitarian Healthcare Delivery: Coordinate with bilateral donors, multilateral agencies, and global health institutions to secure consistent funding streams that enable the deployment of agile mobile medical teams. These units should provide free urgent care, triage services, and referrals in hard-to-reach areas, and operate in tandem with national health ministries to ensure policy alignment and local capacity building.

• Strengthened Emergency Medical Response through Global Support Networks: Develop cross-border health emergency networks that activate rapid response teams, deploy medical logistics, and share epidemiological intelligence across crisis-affected regions. These networks should formalise roles for international NGOs, regional blocs, and donor governments to ensure coherent, synchronised responses to complex humanitarian health emergencies.

• Deployment of Secure Mobile Health Applications for Displaced Populations: Design and roll out encrypted, low-bandwidth mobile health applications that support patient registration, remote diagnosis, follow-up scheduling, and continuity of care for displaced individuals. These tools must prioritise data privacy, support multilingual interfaces, and be interoperable with humanitarian identification systems to ensure mobility and long-term tracking of care across borders.

• Post-Conflict Reconstruction of Healthcare Data Infrastructure: Mobilise international technical and financial support to help crisis-affected governments rebuild national health information systems. This includes investing in secure electronic health records, disease surveillance platforms, and training health personnel in data governance and use. These systems should be designed to withstand future shocks, integrate with humanitarian datasets, and support equitable health system recovery.

3.c.1 - Health worker density and distribution.

• Increasing Funding for Medical Training Programs and Expanding Scholarships: Governments should allocate greater financial resources to medical education programs, ensuring that aspiring healthcare professionals receive high-quality training. Expanding scholarship opportunities can reduce financial barriers for students pursuing careers in healthcare, particularly those from underserved regions. Special funding should be directed toward specialised fields such as emergency medicine, epidemiology, and rural healthcare to address critical workforce shortages.

• Strengthening Partnerships with International Medical Institutions for Knowledge Exchange: Collaborations with international universities, research institutes, and medical organisations should be established to facilitate the sharing of best practices, cutting-edge research, and advanced medical techniques. Exchange programs, joint research initiatives, and remote training sessions can equip healthcare workers with up-to-date knowledge while fostering global medical cooperation.

• Increasing International Funding for Healthcare Facility Construction and Rural Clinic Equipment: Governments should seek international financial assistance and development grants to construct healthcare facilities and upgrade existing infrastructure. Rural clinics must be equipped with essential medical tools, including diagnostic equipment, emergency supplies, and telemedicine capabilities. Partnerships with global health organisations can improve procurement efficiency and sustainability.

• Strengthening Emergency Response Infrastructure for Disease Outbreaks: Investments should be made to establish rapid-response teams, early warning systems, and emergency stockpiles of critical medical supplies. Governments must develop coordinated response plans, integrating local health agencies, research centres, and community leaders to ensure swift action during health crises. Advanced epidemiological monitoring tools should be deployed for real-time outbreak detection.

• Expanding Mobile Healthcare Units and Telemedicine Services for Isolated Communities: Mobile health units should be deployed to deliver essential medical services to remote areas, staffed with trained professionals who can provide check-ups, vaccinations, and urgent care. Telemedicine infrastructure should be strengthened to allow patients in isolated regions to consult healthcare providers through digital platforms. Reliable internet connectivity must be prioritised to support the expansion of virtual medical services.

• Investing in Local Healthcare Worker Training Programs for Medical Expertise Development: Governments should support localised training initiatives to up-skill healthcare workers in underserved areas. Community-based medical education programs should focus on emergency care, maternal health, infectious disease prevention, and chronic disease management. Creating mentorship networks and skill development workshops can enhance the quality of healthcare services provided in these communities.

• Implementing Skill Development Workshops & Residency Programs to Enhance Healthcare Worker Expertise: Governments and medical institutions should establish specialised training workshops and residency programs to ensure healthcare professionals receive continuous education in evolving medical practices. This includes hands-on clinical training, advanced certification courses, and mentorship programs for new graduates to refine their expertise in specialised fields.

• Promoting Workforce Distribution Incentives for Rural & Remote Healthcare Staffing: Authorities must introduce financial incentives, career advancement opportunities, and housing subsidies to encourage healthcare workers to serve in rural and underserved areas. Loan forgiveness programs, competitive salary packages, and professional development opportunities can attract skilled medical personnel to regions with limited healthcare access.

• Developing Public-Private Partnerships to Improve Hospital Infrastructure & Medical Supply Chains: Strengthening collaboration between government agencies, private healthcare firms, and pharmaceutical suppliers will optimise hospital infrastructure and resource distribution. These partnerships can facilitate investments in advanced medical equipment, ensure stable supply chains for essential medicines, and modernise healthcare facilities for greater efficiency.

• Improving Transportation Infrastructure to Enhance Hospital & Clinic Accessibility: Governments should expand road networks, introduce specialised medical transport services, and enhance public transit routes to ensure patients can easily reach healthcare facilities. Infrastructure improvements such as ambulance-only lanes and subsidised medical transportation programs for low-income patients will further streamline access to medical care.

• Promoting Regional Healthcare Initiatives that Integrate Digital Health & Mobile Outreach Programs: Healthcare authorities should invest in telemedicine platforms, mobile health clinics, and AI-driven diagnostic tools to ensure comprehensive medical services reach remote populations. Digital health initiatives must include training healthcare workers on technology adoption, expanding mobile consultation capabilities, and integrating health data management systems to improve care efficiency.

• Workforce Well-being & Development Support: Implement national policies that embed healthcare worker wellness into organisational standards, offering confidential mental health support, peer counselling, burnout prevention training, and on-site wellness resources. Complement this with funded professional development pathways, including continuing education grants, leadership mentoring, and cross-disciplinary skill-building to strengthen long-term workforce retention and resilience.

• Global Healthcare Training Collaboratives: Foster international partnerships to facilitate cross-border knowledge exchange and clinical skill transfers, especially between high-resource and low-resource settings. Create funded fellowships, virtual learning platforms, and rotational deployment programs that enable healthcare professionals from developing regions to access advanced training, while encouraging reciprocal capacity-building missions.

• Healthcare Technology & Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Investment: Direct public and private capital toward the procurement of modern diagnostic and treatment equipment, such as portable imaging systems, automated laboratory devices, and interoperable health IT platforms. Simultaneously, adopt resilient infrastructure design principles for hospitals, including flood-resistant structures, renewable energy integration, and climate-smart ventilation systems, to ensure functionality during extreme weather events and health crises.

• Sustainable Medical Infrastructure R&D: Commission multidisciplinary research on low-emission hospital design, reusable medical technologies, and energy-efficient healthcare logistics. Prioritise open-source architectural blueprints and toolkits that support replicable, regionally adapted infrastructure development with reduced environmental footprints.

• Global Health Equity Infrastructure Funding: Expand multilateral development assistance and global health funds focused on strengthening hospitals, clinics, and supply chains in under-resourced countries. Align investments with community needs assessments and ensure participation of local health leaders in infrastructure planning and implementation.

• Innovative Healthcare Delivery for Remote Communities: Invest in applied research exploring delivery models such as drone-based medical supply distribution, AI-enabled diagnostic kiosks, and solar-powered telemedicine hubs. Pilot hybrid care frameworks that combine traditional healers, mobile health workers, and digital support tools to sustainably expand health access in rural and hard-to-reach areas.

• Emergency Healthcare Training and Infrastructure Investment: Launch targeted training initiatives that equip displaced individuals with basic healthcare skills—such as wound care, hygiene practices, and maternal health first aid—through mobile education teams and community-led workshops. In parallel, invest in rebuilding or retrofitting healthcare facilities destroyed by conflict or disaster, focusing on water access, power supply, and sanitation to restore operational capacity and patient safety standards.

• Global Support for Skilled Medical Personnel Access: Strengthen international mechanisms that deploy qualified medical professionals—such as doctors, nurses, and midwives—to underserved crisis zones through coordinated surge staffing programs. This includes offering incentives, safety guarantees, and logistical support for skilled volunteers, while also investing in local healthcare workforce development through scholarships and fast-track licensing for displaced medical workers.

• Deployment of Mobile Healthcare Units and Temporary Clinics: Operationalise mobile medical units and pop-up health shelters in areas with displaced populations to ensure continuous delivery of essential services. These facilities should provide emergency care, maternal and child health, chronic disease management, and referrals to nearby hospitals. They must be equipped to function independently with portable diagnostics, medical supplies, and mobile power sources.

• Global Coordination to Rebuild Post-Crisis Health Infrastructure: Form international coalitions to coordinate technical expertise, funding, and materials for the reconstruction of damaged healthcare systems. This includes co-developing health infrastructure blueprints, supplying modular hospital components, and rebuilding supply chains for critical medicines and equipment. Partnerships should also support health systems to become more resilient to future shocks.

• Emergency Medical Response Team Mobilisation: Maintain a standing roster of emergency medical response teams trained to deploy rapidly in crisis situations. These teams should include trauma specialists, epidemiologists, logisticians, and mental health professionals, and work closely with national authorities to avoid duplication and ensure cultural sensitivity in service delivery.

• Sustained Humanitarian Partnerships for Medical Aid and Supplies: Establish long-term partnerships between humanitarian actors, donor governments, and pharmaceutical producers to create reliable pipelines for emergency health supplies. These alliances should focus on pre-positioned stockpiles, rapid procurement channels, and equitable distribution systems that ensure uninterrupted delivery of medicines, vaccines, and life-saving equipment to displaced and vulnerable communities.

3.d.1 - International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity and health emergency preparedness.

3.d.2 - Percentage of bloodstream infections due to selected antimicrobial-resistant organisms.

• Expanding Investment in Disease Surveillance Technology for Rapid Outbreak Detection: Governments should allocate funding to advanced disease surveillance technologies, such as artificial intelligence-based monitoring systems, real-time data analytics, and integrated epidemiological tracking networks. These tools can detect early warning signs of disease outbreaks, allowing for swift containment measures. Investing in mobile applications for real-time reporting can enhance responsiveness at community levels.

• Strengthening Healthcare Workforce Training for Outbreak Detection and Containment: Healthcare workers must receive specialised training in outbreak response protocols, infectious disease identification, and rapid containment strategies. Governments should establish ongoing education programs, simulation-based training, and cross-disciplinary workshops to equip professionals with the skills necessary to manage emerging health crises effectively.

• Developing Mobile Response Units for Remote Areas: Mobile healthcare units should be deployed to provide diagnostic, treatment, and emergency services in remote locations. These units must be equipped with rapid-testing tools, emergency medical supplies, and trained personnel capable of handling infectious disease outbreaks efficiently. Establishing regional mobile response hubs can improve healthcare accessibility in high-risk and underserved areas.

• Expanding Investment in Disease Monitoring Technologies: Public health institutions should fund mobile diagnostic units and rapid response laboratories to strengthen disease detection capabilities. Portable testing kits, genomic sequencing tools, and advanced pathogen detection systems should be integrated into existing healthcare networks, enabling timely interventions before outbreaks escalate.

• Strengthening Healthcare Worker Training for Outbreak Detection and Reporting: Governments should develop structured training programs focusing on early disease identification, data management, and emergency preparedness. Healthcare professionals should be equipped with digital reporting tools that streamline the transmission of epidemiological data to national and global monitoring agencies. Encouraging collaboration between researchers, medical practitioners, and policymakers can further enhance response effectiveness.

• Strengthening Participation in Global Health Security Networks: Countries must engage in international health partnerships to strengthen epidemic preparedness and response mechanisms. Active participation in organisations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and regional health coalitions can provide access to vital resources, technical expertise, and coordinated outbreak control strategies. Governments should also seek international emergency response funding to enhance their healthcare infrastructure.

• Expanding Collaboration in Vaccine Distribution and Disease Prevention Research: Joint research initiatives should be fostered between governments, scientific institutions, and pharmaceutical companies to accelerate vaccine development and distribution. Equitable vaccine access programs should be prioritised, ensuring low-income and high-risk populations receive timely immunisation. Strengthening coordination efforts for disease prevention campaigns can further mitigate public health risks and enhance resilience against future outbreaks.

• Improving Public Health Communication Strategies for Crisis Information Dissemination: Governments must refine crisis communication systems to ensure accurate and timely health updates reach the public. This includes developing multilingual emergency alerts, integrating AI-driven data analysis for real-time risk assessments, and leveraging social media platforms to combat misinformation and improve public awareness.

• Strengthening Laboratory Infrastructure for Rapid Diagnostics & Monitoring: Investments should be directed toward equipping laboratories with state-of-the-art diagnostic tools, expanding trained personnel, and streamlining testing protocols for swift disease identification. Mobile labs and automated pathogen testing systems must be integrated into national healthcare networks to enhance early detection capabilities.

• Enhancing Regional Disease Surveillance & Laboratory Collaboration: Healthcare authorities must foster cross-border disease surveillance initiatives by establishing unified epidemiological data-sharing platforms and coordinating laboratory capacities for rapid pathogen identification. Strengthening international cooperation in outbreak monitoring will improve response times and preventive measures.

• Promoting Real-Time Health Data Integration Across National Systems: Governments should implement interconnected health data infrastructures, allowing hospitals, research institutions, and public health agencies to seamlessly exchange critical patient and disease surveillance information. AI-driven predictive modelling and digital patient records will enhance data-driven decision-making.

• Improving Regional Healthcare Coordination Frameworks for Outbreak Response: Authorities must refine joint emergency preparedness strategies by harmonising medical resource distribution, streamlining response protocols, and developing shared action plans for handling large-scale health crises. Cross-border medical supply chains and coordinated workforce deployment must be optimised to ensure efficiency.

• Developing Joint Public Health Initiatives with Neighbouring Countries for Crisis Management: International partnerships should be strengthened to facilitate collaborative public health initiatives that improve crisis management and outbreak containment. Joint training exercises, shared medical stockpiles, and standardised response protocols must be established to enable rapid and unified health interventions during emergencies.

• Scalable Investment in Emergency Preparedness & Equitable Vaccine Access: Allocate increased global health funds to scale national and cross-border emergency response plans, ensuring surge capacity for personnel, medical supplies, and vaccine manufacturing infrastructure. Embed equity provisions into distribution frameworks by supporting COVAX-like initiatives and decentralising vaccine production capabilities in developing regions to eliminate supply bottlenecks and distribution disparities.

• Research Advancement in Pandemic Prevention & Response Innovation: Fund targeted R&D into high-priority innovations such as universal vaccine platforms, heat-stable biologics, non-invasive diagnostics, and scalable outbreak containment tools like wearable biosensors. Promote interdisciplinary collaborations between epidemiologists, data scientists, and public health engineers to accelerate innovation pipelines and real-time public health applications.

• Expansion of Global Disease Surveillance Systems & Predictive Analytics: Strengthen global health observatories and invest in next-generation disease intelligence platforms that leverage AI and machine learning to forecast outbreak risks. Integrate environmental, mobility, and behavioural data into predictive models to identify zoonotic spill over hotspots and health system vulnerabilities before emergencies escalate.

• International Data-Sharing & Collaborative Response Infrastructure: Bolster interoperability between national surveillance systems through standardised data protocols, multilingual reporting tools, and open-access dashboards. Institutionalise global data-sharing alliances that include regular cross-border simulation exercises, joint procurement strategies, and coordinated communication systems for rapid risk notification and response.

• Support for International Health Security & Medical Technology Equity: Expand financial contributions to international health security frameworks, such as the WHO’s Health Emergency Preparedness and Response program, and provide technical assistance for infrastructure, lab capacity, and digital health systems in low-income countries. Facilitate technology-sharing partnerships that include licensing support, workforce training, and fair pricing agreements for diagnostics, treatment tools, and PPE.

• Robust Disease Surveillance & Early Warning Partnerships: Establish and fund global and regional sentinel networks to track pathogen evolution, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and syndromic surveillance indicators. Integrate mobile and community-based reporting tools to ensure early detection in underserved and high-risk zones, with embedded alert systems that automatically inform health authorities and activate containment protocols.

• Emergency Healthcare Coordination Networks: Establish multi-level coordination platforms that link ministries of health, humanitarian organisations, and local health actors to manage medical aid flows during crises. These networks should integrate communication hubs, real-time data dashboards, and logistics tracking systems to ensure uninterrupted deployment of personnel, supplies, and mobile services when local systems are compromised.

• Strategic Partnerships for Rapid Humanitarian Response: Strengthen standing agreements and joint action plans with humanitarian organisations to facilitate swift deployment of emergency health teams and resources. Pre-negotiated access protocols, shared emergency kits, and co-financed stockpiles can significantly reduce response time and enable seamless integration between national and international responders in acute emergencies.

• Crisis-Adaptive Disease Surveillance Systems: Establish emergency health surveillance mechanisms using mobile data collection, community informant networks, and satellite-linked reporting systems to track disease patterns in real time. These tools should be embedded in temporary health centres and mobile clinics to maintain epidemiological monitoring when routine public health infrastructure is disrupted.

• Outbreak-Responsive Rapid Deployment Mechanisms: Create international coordination frameworks that activate multidisciplinary rapid response teams within 48 to 72 hours of outbreak detection in crisis zones. These teams should include infectious disease specialists, epidemiologists, logisticians, and public health communicators—capable of establishing temporary isolation wards and launching mass vaccination or containment campaigns in high-risk areas.

• Integrated Humanitarian Emergency Health Corridors: Enhance cross-border and interagency cooperation to secure “health corridors” that ensure uninterrupted medical aid flows, especially during conflict or cross-border displacement. This involves coordinated customs clearance, transport guarantees for health convoys, and diplomatic agreements to protect mobile health teams and patients in transit.

• Global Partnerships for Health System Recovery: Form long-term collaborations with global health institutions and financial partners to support post-crisis health system rebuilding. This includes funding for infrastructure restoration, digitisation of medical records, training of health workers, and re-establishment of procurement and supply management systems, with a focus on building resilient, equitable service delivery platforms.